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This thesis analyses the linkages between core labour standards and economic development. We have seen demand for labor standards rise with the globalization process. Until now, the debate has focused largely on the link between labor standards and international trade. We propose here to focus on the situation of developing countries and the influence of core labour standards on their level of development. First, we propose two original indexes allowing the measurement of the effective level of core labor standards for a large sample of countries. Second, we show that, by and large, countries with higer labor standards have a higher steady-state level of per-capita income, even when we control for the endogeneity of labour standards. Third, we present the empirical evidences of a "Social Kuznets curve" with a non-linear relation between core labour standards and income inequalities. Finally, we propose a theoretical framework on the effects of core labor standards in a dual economy, based on the Harris-Todaro model. We show that, under certain conditions, labor standards may increase the level of formal employment and reduce the level of unemployment. We do study too the situations where we can observe a Todaro paradox. If we show that labor standards can have a positive influence on development, it would possible to define new policies assimilating labor standards as a Global Public Good. ; Cette thèse analyse les liens entre Normes Fondamentales du Travail et Développement Economique. Les normes sociales ont fait l'objet d'un intérêt croissant au niveau international notamment du fait de la mondialisation des échanges et de la production. Jusqu'à présent, le débat s'est largement concentré sur le lien entre normes du travail et commerce international. Néanmoins, cette approche comporte un certain nombre de limites : les pays en développement, craignant une nouvelle forme de "protectionnisme déguisé" s'opposent à l'instauration d'une clause sociale dans les échanges internationaux ; et le phénomène global de non-respect des normes du travail ne peut être appréhendé uniquement sous le prisme des échanges internationaux ou des investissements directs à l'étranger. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de nous concentrer sur la situation des pays en développement en étudiant l'impact des normes sur leur développement. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons deux indicateurs originaux permettant de mesurer l'application effective des normes fondamentales du travail pour un large échantillon de pays. Dans un second temps, nous montrons empiriquement que les normes influencent positivement le revenu de long-terme, y compris lorsque nous prenons en compte l'endogénéité des normes. Dans un troisième temps, nous mettons en évidence l'existence d'une "courbe de Kuznets sociale" avec des normes jouant de manière non-linéaire sur les inégalités de revenu, lorsque nous prenons en compte le contexte social dans lequel sont mises en place ces normes. Dans un quatrième temps enfin, nous proposons une analyse théorique des effets des normes du travail dans une économie duale en nous basant sur un modèle du type Harris et Todaro. Nous montrons que les normes peuvent, sous certaines conditions, augmenter le niveau d'emploi formel et réduire le dualisme et étudions les situations dans lesquelles le paradoxe de Todaro peut être observé. En montrant que les normes sont susceptibles de jouer à long-terme en faveur du développement, il est possible de réfléchir à de nouvelles politiques en assimilant les normes à un Bien Public Mondial dont le financement serait alors à repenser.

International audience ; This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment, the recent gold boom in Burkina Faso, to document the local impact of two alternative mining techniques: artisanal and industrial mining. Artisanal mines have a bad reputation. When these mines (labor intensive and managed in common) compete for land with industrial mines (capital intensive and privatized), governments tend to favor the latter. However, more than 100 million people depend on artisanal mines for a livelihood. Our identification strategy exploits two sources of variation. The spatial variation comes from the exposure of households to different geological endowments, and the temporal variation comes from changes in the global gold price. We are the first to document the economic impact of artisanal mines. We show that a 1% increase in the gold price increases consumption by 0.12% for households near artisanal mines. Opening an industrial mine, in contrast, has no impact on local consumption.

International audience ; This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment, the recent gold boom in Burkina Faso, to document the local impact of two alternative mining techniques: artisanal and industrial mining. Artisanal mines have a bad reputation. When these mines (labor intensive and managed in common) compete for land with industrial mines (capital intensive and privatized), governments tend to favor the latter. However, more than 100 million people depend on artisanal mines for a livelihood. Our identification strategy exploits two sources of variation. The spatial variation comes from the exposure of households to different geological endowments, and the temporal variation comes from changes in the global gold price. We are the first to document the economic impact of artisanal mines. We show that a 1% increase in the gold price increases consumption by 0.12% for households near artisanal mines. Opening an industrial mine, in contrast, has no impact on local consumption.

International audience ; This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment, the recent gold boom in Burkina Faso, to document the local impact of two alternative mining techniques: artisanal and industrial mining. Artisanal mines have a bad reputation. When these mines (labor intensive and managed in common) compete for land with industrial mines (capital intensive and privatized), governments tend to favor the latter. However, more than 100 million people depend on artisanal mines for a livelihood. Our identification strategy exploits two sources of variation. The spatial variation comes from the exposure of households to different geological endowments, and the temporal variation comes from changes in the global gold price. We are the first to document the economic impact of artisanal mines. We show that a 1% increase in the gold price increases consumption by 0.12% for households near artisanal mines. Opening an industrial mine, in contrast, has no impact on local consumption.

International audience ; This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment, the recent gold boom in Burkina Faso, to document the local impact of two alternative mining techniques: artisanal and industrial mining. Artisanal mines have a bad reputation. When these mines (labor intensive and managed in common) compete for land with industrial mines (capital intensive and privatized), governments tend to favor the latter. However, more than 100 million people depend on artisanal mines for a livelihood. Our identification strategy exploits two sources of variation. The spatial variation comes from the exposure of households to different geological endowments, and the temporal variation comes from changes in the global gold price. We are the first to document the economic impact of artisanal mines. We show that a 1% increase in the gold price increases consumption by 0.12% for households near artisanal mines. Opening an industrial mine, in contrast, has no impact on local consumption.

International audience ; This paper uses a quasi-natural experiment, the recent gold boom in Burkina Faso, to document the local impact of two alternative mining techniques: artisanal and industrial mining. Artisanal mines have a bad reputation. When these mines (labor intensive and managed in common) compete for land with industrial mines (capital intensive and privatized), governments tend to favor the latter. However, more than 100 million people depend on artisanal mines for a livelihood. Our identification strategy exploits two sources of variation. The spatial variation comes from the exposure of households to different geological endowments, and the temporal variation comes from changes in the global gold price. We are the first to document the economic impact of artisanal mines. We show that a 1% increase in the gold price increases consumption by 0.12% for households near artisanal mines. Opening an industrial mine, in contrast, has no impact on local consumption.

Résumé Nous montrons que les institutions sur le marché du travail, et tout particulièrement la protection de l'emploi constituent un déterminant important des flux migratoires. Contrairement à ce qui est souvent annoncé, les migrants ne sont pas à la recherche de législations plus protectrices. Au contraire, nous montrons que le différentiel de protection de l'emploi a un impact négatif sur les flux de migration. Ce différentiel lorsqu'il est élevé s'apparente à une capacité d'intégration sur le marché du travail plus faible jouant négativement sur la migration. Ces résultats sont obtenus en prenant en compte la forte proportion de flux nuls en utilisant la méthode d'Heckman en deux étapes et la méthode de Poisson. Nous contrôlons également d'un possible biais d'endogénéité en instrumentant notre variable de protection de l'emploi.

AbstractIn this paper, we study how free labor mobility agreements in Europe, usually thought to favor inward migration, might actually create good incentives for already settled migrants to exit their host country. Using outmigration data between 1990 and 2011, a period of observation where some countries entered the EU and especially a period during which Schengen agreements have been progressively implemented by a large number of European countries, we could test this conjecture. While the evidence for EU is mixed, we find very strong evidence that Schengen did increase migrations outflows by 40 to 53%. The effect appears to be even higher for outmigrants originating from Eastern Europe after their countries' accession to Schengen. Also, and consistent with the hypothesis of preferences for living at home or in a country with a close culture to home, the effect of Schengen on outmigration happens to be smaller when the countries of origin and of residence of the outmigrants are close in terms of their cultural traits. Also, we document that the Schengen effect is significantly higher for outmigration flows than for immigration flows by almost 20 percentage points.

ResumenEl aumento de los contratos atípicos y de la rotación laboral en Europa está intensificando la vulnerabilidad en el empleo. Con datos de la Encuesta Social Europea de 2008 y mediante análisis de correspondencias múltiples, los autores elaboran tres índices de vulnerabilidad en el empleo (en función del empleador, del puesto de trabajo y de ambos), que aplican a una muestra de 29 países, fundamentalmente europeos. El primero (equivalente a la definición de empleo vulnerable de la OIT, basada en países en desarrollo) explica el 51 por ciento de los datos. En el segundo, resultan determinantes la categoría ocupacional y la ausencia de responsabilidades de supervisión.