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World Affairs Online
Timing bombs and the temporal dynamics of Iranian nuclear security
In: European journal of international security: EJIS, S. 1-19
ISSN: 2057-5645
Abstract
For more than two decades, Iran's nuclear programme has concerned policymakers and scholars alike. Whether speeding up uranium enrichment, slowing down international negotiations, or disrupting the timing of key initiatives, actions around Iran's nuclear programme bear a clear time signature. Yet systematic accounts of the importance of time in shaping foreign and security policymaking have been largely neglected. Through foreign policy timing theory's (FP4D) reconceptualisation of time we show how actors both constructed and then used time to pursue their strategic interests, creating, altering, and sabotaging the timing mechanism linking Iranian nuclear technology and international sanctions. These manipulations of time by both domestic and international actors resulted in prolonged international negotiations and fluctuating periods of crisis and produced a temporally flawed agreement frozen in time. We consider time's impact on the current challenges and future direction of nuclear diplomacy with Iran as well as its importance for broader nuclear security issues.
Casting for a sovereign role: socialising an aspirant state in the Scottish independence referendum
In: European journal of international relations, Band 24, Heft 1, S. 8-32
ISSN: 1460-3713
This article examines international reactions to Scotland's 2014 bid for independence as an instance of socialisation of an aspirant state, what we term 'pre-socialisation'. Building on and contributing to research on state socialisation and role theory, this study proposes a nexus between roles and sovereignty. This nexus has three components: sovereignty itself is a role casted for by an actor; the sovereign role is entangled with the substantive foreign policy roles the actor might play; and the sovereign role implicates the substantive foreign policy roles of other actors. The Scottish debate on independence provides an effective laboratory to develop and explore these theoretical dimensions of pre-socialisation, revealing the contested value and meaning of sovereignty, the possible roles that an independent Scotland could play, and the projected implications for the role of the UK and other international actors. Our analysis of the Scottish case can provide insights for other cases of pre-socialisation and is more empirically significant following the UK's 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.
World Affairs Online
Casting for a sovereign role: Socialising an aspirant state in the Scottish independence referendum
In: European journal of international relations, Band 24, Heft 1, S. 8-32
ISSN: 1460-3713
This article examines international reactions to Scotland's 2014 bid for independence as an instance of socialisation of an aspirant state, what we term 'pre-socialisation'. Building on and contributing to research on state socialisation and role theory, this study proposes a nexus between roles and sovereignty. This nexus has three components: sovereignty itself is a role casted for by an actor; the sovereign role is entangled with the substantive foreign policy roles the actor might play; and the sovereign role implicates the substantive foreign policy roles of other actors. The Scottish debate on independence provides an effective laboratory to develop and explore these theoretical dimensions of pre-socialisation, revealing the contested value and meaning of sovereignty, the possible roles that an independent Scotland could play, and the projected implications for the role of the UK and other international actors. Our analysis of the Scottish case can provide insights for other cases of pre-socialisation and is more empirically significant following the UK's 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.
Casting for a sovereign role: Socialising an aspirant state in the Scottish independence referendum
In: European journal of international relations
ISSN: 1354-0661
Explaining Extremity in the Foreign Policies of Parliamentary Democracies
In: International Studies Quarterly, Band 58, Heft 4, S. 729-740
Explaining Extremity in the Foreign Policies of Parliamentary Democracies
In: International studies quarterly: the journal of the International Studies Association, Band 58, Heft 4
ISSN: 1468-2478
Why do multiparty cabinets in parliamentary democracies produce more extreme foreign policies than single-party cabinets? Our paper argues that particular institutional and psychological dynamics explain this difference. We test this argument using a global events data set incorporating foreign policy behaviors of numerous multiparty and single-party governments. We find that more parties and weak parliaments promote extremity in coalitions, but parliamentary strength has the opposite effect for single-party governments. This study challenges existing expectations about the impact of democratic institutions on foreign policy. Adapted from the source document.
Explaining extremity in the foreign policies of parliamentary democracies
In: International studies quarterly: the journal of the International Studies Association, Band 58, Heft 4, S. 729-740
ISSN: 0020-8833, 1079-1760
World Affairs Online
Taking it to the extreme: the effect of coalition cabinets on foreign policy
In: Foreign policy analysis: a journal of the International Studies Association, Band 4, Heft 1, S. 67-81
ISSN: 1743-8586
World Affairs Online
Taking It to the Extreme: The Effect of Coalition Cabinets on Foreign Policy
In: Foreign policy analysis, Band 4, Heft 1, S. 67-81
ISSN: 1743-8594
A Practical Guide to the Comparative Case Study Method in Political Psychology
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 369-391
ISSN: 1467-9221
The case study, as a method of inquiry, is particularly suited to the field of political psychology. Yet there is little training in political science, and even less in psychology, on how to do case study research. Furthermore, misconceptions about case studies contribute to the methodological barrier that exists within and between the two parent disciplines. This paper reviews the various definitions and uses of case studies and integrates a number of recent insights and advances into a practical guide for conducting case study research. To this end, the paper discusses various stereotypes of the case study and offers specific steps aimed at addressing these criticisms.
Foreign Policy in the Fourth Dimension (FP4D): Locating Time in Decision-Making
In: Foreign policy analysis, Band 17, Heft 2
ISSN: 1743-8594
AbstractWhile international relations scholarship has taken a "temporal turn," foreign policy decision-making (FPDM) research reveals little explicit theoretical attention to time. Time is an important aspect of several prominent frameworks, yet these either fail to make explicit their conception of time or fail to reflect upon the implications of their temporal assumptions and understandings. We address this lacuna by developing a timing perspective on FPDM. We present the central features of this perspective, including the nature of timing agency, temporal motivations, the timing of decision-making processes, and timing as a foreign policy tool. Illustrated with empirical examples, we show how timing plays out in FPDM and helps to shed new light on our understanding of crises and ways decision-makers may grapple with them. We conclude by considering the theoretical and empirical benefits and challenges of bridging FPDM with theoretical approaches to time.
Constructing time in foreign policy-making: Brexit's timing entrepreneurs, malcontemps and apparatchiks
In: International affairs, Band 97, Heft 2, S. 267-285
ISSN: 0020-5850
World Affairs Online
Cognitive Dissonance and Post‐Decision Attitude Change in Six Presidential Elections
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 521-540
ISSN: 1467-9221
Data from the National Election Studies were examined in an effort to isolate cognitive dissonance of two kinds: dissonance arising from a behavioral commitment in the form of voting, and dissonance arising from inconsistencies associated with having supported the losing candidate. Feeling thermometer ratings of the two principal presidential candidates obtained before and immediately after six elections (1972, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, and 1996) were analyzed. Regression estimates supported a dissonance reduction explanation of observed attitude changes. Voters, as compared to nonvoters, tended to increase the evaluative distance between candidates after an election, whereas supporters of the losing candidate were more likely than supporters of the winning candidate to decrease such evaluative distances. An additional examination of voters yielded results consistent with dissonance theory: After the election, respondents reporting favorable evaluations of both candidates (a difficult choice) tended to spread comparative candidate evaluations compared to respondents who were favorable toward only one candidate (an easy choice). The results both support and cast doubt on prior studies.
Cognitive Dissonance and Post-Decision Attitude Change in Six Presidential Elections
In: Political psychology: journal of the International Society of Political Psychology, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 521-540
ISSN: 0162-895X
Data from the National Election Studies were examined in an effort to isolate cognitive dissonance of two kinds' of dissonance arising from a behavioral commitment in the form of voting, & dissonance arising from inconsistencies associated with having supported the losing candidate. Feeling thermometer ratings of the two principal presidential candidates obtained before & immediately after six elections (1972, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, & 1996) were analyzed. Regression estimates supported a dissonance reduction explanation of observed attitude changes. Voters, as compared to nonvoters, tended to increase the evaluative distance between candidates after an election, whereas supporters of the losing candidate were more likely than supporters of the winning candidate to decrease such evaluative distances. An additional examination of voters yielded results consistent with dissonance theory: After the election, respondents reporting favorable evaluations of both candidates (a difficult choice) tended to spread comparative candidate evaluations compared to respondents who were favorable toward only one candidate (an easy choice). The results both support & cast doubt on prior studies. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 45 References. Adapted from the source document.