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Europe's place in history is re-assessed in this first comprehensive history of the ancient world, centering on the Indian Ocean and its role in pre-modern globalization. Philippe Beaujard presents an ambitious and comprehensive global history of the Indian Ocean world, from the earliest state formations to 1500 CE. Supported by a wealth of empirical data, full color maps, plates, and figures, he shows how Asia and Africa dominated the economic and cultural landscape and the flow of ideas in the pre-modern world. This led to a trans-regional division of labor and an Afro-Eurasian world economy. Beaujard questions the origins of capitalism and hints at how this world-system may evolve in the future. The result is a reorienting of world history, taking the Indian Ocean, rather than Europe, as the point of departure. Volume II provides in-depth coverage of the period from the seventh century CE to the fifteenth century CE.

Hypothesized Western and Eastern world-systems of the Late Bronze Age collapsed in the twelfth and eleventh centuries b.c. before a new phase of integrations occurred in these areas (western Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe on the one hand; China on the other). This article argues that in the first millennium b.c ., these two world-systems experienced three long cycles marked by hegemonic transitions between competing regions. The recessions that we observe stemmed partly from climatic deteriorations on varying scales around 800, 400, and 200 b.c. The growth of networks and states was furthered by technological, institutional, and ideological innovations. A number of empires arose in western Asia, which aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. An Indian world-system developed, which partly merged with the western system from the fourth century b.c . From the third century b.c ., changes in western Asia, China, and India and the extension of exchange networks favored the opening of land routes across central Asia and maritime routes in the Indian Ocean and China Seas. The rise of new centers in the western Mediterranean region accompanied a growing integration of Europe into the Western system. The three world-systems identified probably fused into a single worldsystem in the first century a.d ., when the rise of exchange networks led to an interdependence of their various regions.

International audience ; The brutal collapse of the Late Bronze Age western world-system around 1200 B.C. and of the Shang state in China at the end of the first millennium B.C. led to a period of political fragmentation and then to a new phase of integration in the two regions. The renewed growth of networks and states was furthered by crucial technological and institutional innovations (development of iron metallurgy, agricultural progress, diffusion of alphabets, organizing of provinces or satrapies, creation of stamped money.). Innovations were also ideological, with the appearance of universal religions in the crucial period of the 6th century B.C. In China, intense competition between emerging powers (Warring States) led to the ascendancy of the Qin state in the 3rd century B.C. The different empires which built up in Western Asia were clearly aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian gulf, also pushing towards Arabia and Egypt on one side, and towards the Indus and Central Asia on the other. It could be argued that the urban blossoming in Central Asia in the 7th and 6th centuries B. C. and the thrust of the Persian empire towards this region and the Indus valley marked the formation of a single system uniting the spheres of western Asia-Egypt-the Mediterranean and northern India. For the former, it is possible to distinguish phases of limited demise and of restructuring during the second part of the 9th century, during the second part of the 7th century, at the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century (the demise of Greece), and then a major phase of recession (for the Mesopotamian and Egyptian cores) and of restructuring between 200 and 50 B.C. Some of these recessions were partly initiated by climatic deteriorations - on a limited scale - around 800 and 200 B.C., which can be seen as part of a systemic logic. If we look at the trajectories of each region, we clearly see, first that not all of them followed the same rhythm, and secondly that some regions ...

International audience ; The brutal collapse of the Late Bronze Age western world-system around 1200 B.C. and of the Shang state in China at the end of the first millennium B.C. led to a period of political fragmentation and then to a new phase of integration in the two regions. The renewed growth of networks and states was furthered by crucial technological and institutional innovations (development of iron metallurgy, agricultural progress, diffusion of alphabets, organizing of provinces or satrapies, creation of stamped money.). Innovations were also ideological, with the appearance of universal religions in the crucial period of the 6th century B.C. In China, intense competition between emerging powers (Warring States) led to the ascendancy of the Qin state in the 3rd century B.C. The different empires which built up in Western Asia were clearly aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian gulf, also pushing towards Arabia and Egypt on one side, and towards the Indus and Central Asia on the other. It could be argued that the urban blossoming in Central Asia in the 7th and 6th centuries B. C. and the thrust of the Persian empire towards this region and the Indus valley marked the formation of a single system uniting the spheres of western Asia-Egypt-the Mediterranean and northern India. For the former, it is possible to distinguish phases of limited demise and of restructuring during the second part of the 9th century, during the second part of the 7th century, at the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century (the demise of Greece), and then a major phase of recession (for the Mesopotamian and Egyptian cores) and of restructuring between 200 and 50 B.C. Some of these recessions were partly initiated by climatic deteriorations - on a limited scale - around 800 and 200 B.C., which can be seen as part of a systemic logic. If we look at the trajectories of each region, we clearly see, first that not all of them followed the same rhythm, and secondly that some regions were directly affected (negatively or positively) by the expansion of dominant cores. The evolutions between the 3rd and the 1st century B.C. represent a decisive step towards an integration of the Mediterranean-western Asian, Indian and Chinese spheres. The unification of a large part of India under the Mauryas, together with the fast spread of Buddhism, the increasing integration of western Asia, and the unification of China (Qin and Han empires) made possible the opening of land routes across Central Asia and maritime routes in the China Sea and the Indian Ocean. They foreshadow the turning period of the 1st century A.D., when the rise of exchange networks led to an interdependence of the various parts of an area that can be considered as a single world-system stretching from eastern Asia to Europe and Africa.

International audience ; The brutal collapse of the Late Bronze Age western world-system around 1200 B.C. and of the Shang state in China at the end of the first millennium B.C. led to a period of political fragmentation and then to a new phase of integration in the two regions. The renewed growth of networks and states was furthered by crucial technological and institutional innovations (development of iron metallurgy, agricultural progress, diffusion of alphabets, organizing of provinces or satrapies, creation of stamped money.). Innovations were also ideological, with the appearance of universal religions in the crucial period of the 6th century B.C. In China, intense competition between emerging powers (Warring States) led to the ascendancy of the Qin state in the 3rd century B.C. The different empires which built up in Western Asia were clearly aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian gulf, also pushing towards Arabia and Egypt on one side, and towards the Indus and Central Asia on the other. It could be argued that the urban blossoming in Central Asia in the 7th and 6th centuries B. C. and the thrust of the Persian empire towards this region and the Indus valley marked the formation of a single system uniting the spheres of western Asia-Egypt-the Mediterranean and northern India. For the former, it is possible to distinguish phases of limited demise and of restructuring during the second part of the 9th century, during the second part of the 7th century, at the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century (the demise of Greece), and then a major phase of recession (for the Mesopotamian and Egyptian cores) and of restructuring between 200 and 50 B.C. Some of these recessions were partly initiated by climatic deteriorations - on a limited scale - around 800 and 200 B.C., which can be seen as part of a systemic logic. If we look at the trajectories of each region, we clearly see, first that not all of them followed the same rhythm, and secondly that some regions were directly affected (negatively or positively) by the expansion of dominant cores. The evolutions between the 3rd and the 1st century B.C. represent a decisive step towards an integration of the Mediterranean-western Asian, Indian and Chinese spheres. The unification of a large part of India under the Mauryas, together with the fast spread of Buddhism, the increasing integration of western Asia, and the unification of China (Qin and Han empires) made possible the opening of land routes across Central Asia and maritime routes in the China Sea and the Indian Ocean. They foreshadow the turning period of the 1st century A.D., when the rise of exchange networks led to an interdependence of the various parts of an area that can be considered as a single world-system stretching from eastern Asia to Europe and Africa.

International audience ; The brutal collapse of the Late Bronze Age western world-system around 1200 B.C. and of the Shang state in China at the end of the first millennium B.C. led to a period of political fragmentation and then to a new phase of integration in the two regions. The renewed growth of networks and states was furthered by crucial technological and institutional innovations (development of iron metallurgy, agricultural progress, diffusion of alphabets, organizing of provinces or satrapies, creation of stamped money.). Innovations were also ideological, with the appearance of universal religions in the crucial period of the 6th century B.C. In China, intense competition between emerging powers (Warring States) led to the ascendancy of the Qin state in the 3rd century B.C. The different empires which built up in Western Asia were clearly aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian gulf, also pushing towards Arabia and Egypt on one side, and towards the Indus and Central Asia on the other. It could be argued that the urban blossoming in Central Asia in the 7th and 6th centuries B. C. and the thrust of the Persian empire towards this region and the Indus valley marked the formation of a single system uniting the spheres of western Asia-Egypt-the Mediterranean and northern India. For the former, it is possible to distinguish phases of limited demise and of restructuring during the second part of the 9th century, during the second part of the 7th century, at the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century (the demise of Greece), and then a major phase of recession (for the Mesopotamian and Egyptian cores) and of restructuring between 200 and 50 B.C. Some of these recessions were partly initiated by climatic deteriorations - on a limited scale - around 800 and 200 B.C., which can be seen as part of a systemic logic. If we look at the trajectories of each region, we clearly see, first that not all of them followed the same rhythm, and secondly that some regions were directly affected (negatively or positively) by the expansion of dominant cores. The evolutions between the 3rd and the 1st century B.C. represent a decisive step towards an integration of the Mediterranean-western Asian, Indian and Chinese spheres. The unification of a large part of India under the Mauryas, together with the fast spread of Buddhism, the increasing integration of western Asia, and the unification of China (Qin and Han empires) made possible the opening of land routes across Central Asia and maritime routes in the China Sea and the Indian Ocean. They foreshadow the turning period of the 1st century A.D., when the rise of exchange networks led to an interdependence of the various parts of an area that can be considered as a single world-system stretching from eastern Asia to Europe and Africa.

Les devins-guérisseurs ombiasy (ou ombiasa) occupent une place centrale au côté des chefs de communauté, dans toutes les sociétés malgaches. Leurs pratiques expriment une certaine vision du monde et de la société. Elles s'inscrivent en outre dans un champ politique, où ces devins-guérisseurs jouent un rôle actif. Cette contribution veut rendre compte de ces différents aspects en prenant comme exemple deux régions voisines correspondant aux anciens royaumes antemoro et tañala de l'Ikongo (Sud-Est de Madagascar), dont les aristocraties se réclament toutes deux d'une origine " arabe ".

Les devins-guérisseurs ombiasy (ou ombiasa) occupent une place centrale au côté des chefs de communauté, dans toutes les sociétés malgaches. Leurs pratiques expriment une certaine vision du monde et de la société. Elles s'inscrivent en outre dans un champ politique, où ces devins-guérisseurs jouent un rôle actif. Cette contribution veut rendre compte de ces différents aspects en prenant comme exemple deux régions voisines correspondant aux anciens royaumes antemoro et tañala de l'Ikongo (Sud-Est de Madagascar), dont les aristocraties se réclament toutes deux d'une origine " arabe ".

Les devins-guérisseurs ombiasy (ou ombiasa) occupent une place centrale au côté des chefs de communauté, dans toutes les sociétés malgaches. Leurs pratiques expriment une certaine vision du monde et de la société. Elles s'inscrivent en outre dans un champ politique, où ces devins-guérisseurs jouent un rôle actif. Cette contribution veut rendre compte de ces différents aspects en prenant comme exemple deux régions voisines correspondant aux anciens royaumes antemoro et tañala de l'Ikongo (Sud-Est de Madagascar), dont les aristocraties se réclament toutes deux d'une origine " arabe ".

Les devins-guérisseurs ombiasy (ou ombiasa) occupent une place centrale au côté des chefs de communauté, dans toutes les sociétés malgaches. Leurs pratiques expriment une certaine vision du monde et de la société. Elles s'inscrivent en outre dans un champ politique, où ces devins-guérisseurs jouent un rôle actif. Cette contribution veut rendre compte de ces différents aspects en prenant comme exemple deux régions voisines correspondant aux anciens royaumes antemoro et tañala de l'Ikongo (Sud-Est de Madagascar), dont les aristocraties se réclament toutes deux d'une origine " arabe ".