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In this book, time use behavior within households is modeled as the outcome of a bargaining process between family members who bargain over household resource allocation and the intrafamily distribution of welfare. In view of trends such as rising female employment along with falling fertility rates and increasing divorce rates, a strategic aspect of female employment is analyzed in a dynamic family bargaining framework. The division of housework between spouses and the observed leisure differential between women and men are investigated within non-cooperative bargaining settings. The models developed are tested empirically using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the German Time Budget Survey

We study a possible nurture effect of political systems on the evolution of gender differences in work preferences by exploiting the 41-year division of Germany and its reunification in 1990 as a natural experiment. We investigate whether disparate political and social systems produced different gender gaps in preferences with respect to work and specific job attributes (high income, promotion opportunities) as, e.g., the higher female labour force participation in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) suggests. Based on the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) in years 1991, 1998/2000 and 2010/2012, our analyses reveal substantial differences between East and West gender gaps in preferences for work directly after reunification and hardly any convergence over the following 20 years. Regarding job attributes, gender-specific preferences in 1991 do not differ between East and West regions. Until 2010, the gaps vanish in the East but remain stable, or even widen, in the West. Cohort analyses confirm that the effect is driven by respondents who lived their adolescence in separated Germany. Accordingly, our results provide strong evidence for the impact of nurture on preference formation, while age and length of exposure are important determinants of the extent of such impact.

Die meisten jungen Väter und Mütter in Deutschland wünschen sich eine gleichberechtigte(re) Teilhabe beider Partner in der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit. Die gelebte Arbeitsteilung vieler Paare sieht jedoch oft anders aus. Die Bundesregierung reagiert nun mit Reformplänen zum Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz, um Eltern mehr Gestaltungsfreiräume zu geben sowie eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Aufgaben in beiden Lebenssphären zwischen den Geschlechtern zu stimulieren. Die Autorinnen diskutieren, wie die politisch offerierten zusätzlichen Ressourcen (Eltern-)Zeit und (Eltern-)Geld in diesem Zusammenhang zu beurteilen sind. ; Empirical evidence on couples' decision making has shown that the partners' sharing of resources (particularly of time and money) is driven by their respective bargaining positions and gender role behaviour. Against the background of an asymmetric specialisation risk carried by the person that takes care responsibilities, we discuss the potential effects that the recently proposed extensions of the German parental leave system, particularly the 'ElterngeldPlus' and 'Partnerbonus', may have on the partners' work division and their individual welfare levels in the long run.

Eine auf Paarebene getroffene Entscheidung kann für die einzelnen Partner unterschiedliche Folgen haben, insbesondere in der mittleren bis langen Frist. Durch Spezialisierungsentscheidungen auf unbezahlte Care-Arbeit und den damit verbundenen Rückzug vom Arbeitsmarkt gehen vor allem Frauen finanzielle Risiken ein, die ihre materielle Sicherheit nicht nur aktuell, sondern auch im Alter bedrohen. Diese asymmetrische Dynamik kann Interessenskonflikte im Paar erzeugen, die mit ihren Folgen für die Gesellschaft (vor allem auf Kinderzahl und Pflegeleistungen) nicht mehr nur "Privatsache" sind. Unser Beitrag verfolgt deshalb drei Ziele. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in die Problemlage legt er erstens dar, in welchen zentralen Entscheidungssituationen (Fertilität, Arbeitsteilung und Einkommensverwendung) es empirische Hinweise auf Interessenskonflikte auf Paarebene gibt. Er trägt zweitens die Faktoren zusammen, die empirisch als maßgebliche "Entscheidungs- beziehungsweise Teilungsfaktoren" in den genannten drei Entscheidungsbereichen identifiziert worden sind. Die Studie zeigt drittens die politischen Implikationen auf: Wo wirkt der Staat mittels steuer-, familien- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Instrumente in das Verhalten der Paare hinein? ; Couple decisions can have diverging consequences for the individual partners, particularly in the middle or long run. When specializing on unpaid care work, and thereby withdrawing from the labour market, women often incur financial risks that may threaten their material security at presence as well as in old age. This asymmetric dynamic may create conflicting interests within a couple beyond their private affair, due to the consequences for the society as a whole (as regards number of children and care responsibilities). The aim of our contribution is threefold. After a theoretical introduction we will first expose the main decision spheres (fertility, work division and use of income) with empirical evidence on conflicting intra-couple interests. Secondly, we will specify those factors that have been identified empirically as determinants of couples' sharing in the three decision spheres. Our study will thirdly derive political implications: Where does the state govern into couple behaviour by means of tax, family and labour market policy measures?

In this paper, the current knowledge and issues regarding the economic impact of health at work in Germany is reviewed as a part of the EU project's. An inquiry into health and safety at work: a European Union perspective's (acronym: HEALTHatWORK). After a description of the German institutional framework for occupational safety and health (OSH), it presents indicators of health and safety at work's such as sickness absences, occupational accidents and diseases, disability rents, working conditions, and OSH policy. The paper's major contribution is a review of economic research on the determinants of OSH indicators in Germany, and a review of the data sets that have been or may be used. The aim is to identify the main issues addressed in the literature, the approaches adopted, the data analyzed, and the research gaps that still exist with respect to analyzing health at work in Germany. ; Die Studie bietet einen Überblick über den Forschungsstand zu Sicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz am Arbeitsplatz (occupational safety and health, OSH) in Deutschland und dient damit als Grundlage für den deutschen Beitrag zum EU Koordinationsprojekt 'An inquiry into health and safety at work: a European Union perspective'. Nach einer Beschreibung der in Deutschland für OSH verantwortlichen Institutionen präsentiert die Studie das in Deutschland erreichte Arbeitsschutzniveau durch einschlägige Indikatoren - wie krankheitsbedingten Fehlzeiten, Berufsunfällen und -krankheiten, Erwerbsunfähigkeitsrenten, Arbeitsbedingungen und OSH-Strategien. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Studie liegt in der Darstellung des aktuellen ökonomischen Forschungsstandes zu Determinanten von OSH-Indikatoren sowie der verwendeten und verwendbaren Datenquellen für Deutschland. Ziel ist, die der Literatur inhärenten Fragestellungen, Methoden, Datengrundlagen und Ergebnisse aufzuzeigen und verbleibende Forschungslücken im Bereich Gesundheit und Arbeit zu identifizieren.

PurposeEmpirical research has unambiguously shown that married men receive higher wages than unmarried, whereas a wage premium for cohabiters is not as evident yet. This paper aims to exploit the observed difference between the marital and the cohabiting wage premium in Germany to draw conclusions about the sources, typically explained by specialisation (e.g. husbands being more productive because their wives take over household chores) or selection (high earnings potentials being more attractive on the marriage market).Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes the cohabiting and the marital wage premium in Germany using a shifting panel design for marriages and move‐ins from 1993 to 2004 in the German Socio‐Economic Panel. With non‐parametric matching models men who get married (treatment group I) are matched with cohabiting respectively single men (control groups) and men who move in with a partner (treatment group II) with singles.FindingsMatching reveals that higher wages are mostly due to positive selection – into marriage as well as into cohabitation. Supplementary analysis of intra‐household time use suggests that specialization, if any, is part of the selection process from single to cohabitation to marriage.Originality/valueThis is the first application of non‐parametric matching in a comparative study of the marital and the cohabiting wage premium and thus provides new insights into their respective sources. It is also the first investigation of family‐status‐related wage premiums in Germany.