Suchergebnisse

Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Figure and Tables -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.1.1 The Growing Focus on Cities as a Proactive Force in Global Climate Governance -- 1.1.2 Emerging Transnational Urban Co-operation towards a Low-Carbon Transition -- 1.2 Purpose of the Study -- 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses -- 1.4 Organisation of the Study -- 2 State of Research and Key Debates -- 2.1 Urban Climate Governance -- 2.2 Urban Climate Governance in Germany and India -- 2.3 Urban North-South Cooperation -- 2.3.1 State Actor-driven Transnational Urban Cooperation -- 2.3.2 Private Actor-driven Transnational Urban Cooperation -- 2.3.3 Urban Cooperation in Transnational Municipal Networks -- 2.4 Transnational Urban Cooperation in Germany and India -- 2.4.1 Transnational Urban Cooperation in Germany -- 2.4.2 Transnational Urban Cooperation in India -- 2.4.3 Urban Cooperation between German and Indian Cities -- 3 Theoretical Framework -- 3.1 Policy Transfer Theory -- 3.2 Transnational Climate Governance Networks -- 3.3 New Institutionalism -- 3.4 Policy Entrepreneur Concept -- 3.5 Social Capital Theory -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Addressing the Northern Bias in Urban Research -- 4.1.1 Assumed Incommensurability -- 4.1.2 Northern Bias Reflected in Urban Climate Change Research -- 4.1.3 Focus on Urban Processes and City Connections as a Way Forward -- 4.2 Comparative Case Study Analysis -- 4.2.1 Qualitative Case Study Analysis -- 4.2.2 Multiple Case Study Analysis -- 4.3 Research Approach -- 4.4 Development of Index System to Operationalise Dependent and Independent Variables -- 4.4.1 Approach -- 4.4.2 Index System -- 4.5 Case Selection -- 4.6 Data Collection -- 5 Within Case Analysis -- 5.1 Case Study Pune - Bremen I: Developing Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems

This paper analyses the enabling conditions, barriers and future prospects of decentralised experimentation with renewable energy sources (RES) in the German energy transition, with a specific focus on the multi-level governance framework. It investigates why, and under which conditions, decentralised experiments have served as a major driving force in the development of RES in Germany, highlighting the instrumental role local governments and the national support scheme for RES have played in supporting and protecting decentralised RES initiatives. Looking at the impact of decentralised experimentation, this paper argues that the scope of decentralised renewable energy development is now such that there is an obvious need for multi-level governance coordination to address the emerging challenges of temporal and spatial disparities between power generation and demand, as well as distributional and land-use conflicts. The authors observe that many local and regional governments have not yet sufficiently considered the coordination required to make their own efforts compatible with overall energy system transition needs. They may lose their function as important facilitators for RES experimentation if they do not start engaging in new approaches to stakeholder participation, coordinated regional energy flows and system integration of RES. Moreover, bottom-up experimentation with decentralised energy system structures is also threatened by recent changes in the political framework condi-tions at the European and national level which have led to a reform of the German support scheme for RES, including, amongst others, a phase-out of the feed-in tariff scheme and its replacement by an auction scheme. Against the backdrop of these adverse political framework conditions, the paper concludes by discussing strategies to preserve the dynamics of decentralised experimentation as a vigorous driver of the German energy transition.

Das Umweltinformationsgesetz in Deutschland wurde aufgrund der Vorgaben der EU-Richtlinie 2003/4/EG im Februar 2005 grundlegend novelliert. Seitdem existieren entsprechende Länderumweltinformationsgesetze und das Bundesumweltinformationsgesetz (UIG). Erstmals wurde in einem wissenschaftlichen Vorhaben zwischen 2017 und 2019 die Praxis des UIG seit 2005 evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse der Evaluation werden mit diesem Report vorgelegt. Untersucht wurde in der Evaluation, ob und wie die gesetzlichen Ziele des UIG, für einen freien Zugang zu Umweltinformationen bei informationspflichtigen Stellen und für eine aktive Verbreitung der Umweltinformationen zu sorgen, in der Praxis erreicht werden. Die Evaluation folgt der Methodik der retrospektiven Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung, die für die Untersuchung entsprechend angepasst wurde. In die Evaluation wurden Daten aus einer Online-Umfrage an 423 informationspflichtigen Stellen des Bundes sowie 39 private informationspflichtige Stellen, leitfadengestützte Interviews, eine sozialwissenschaftliche Auswertung der Rechtsprechung zum UIG bis 2017, ein Rechtsgutachten, eine sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchung sowie einige empirische Vorgängeruntersuchungen einbezogen.

Landnutzungskonflikte entwickeln sich typischerweise zwischen verschiedenen Nutzergruppen. Klassische Konfliktlinien verlaufen zum Beispiel zwischen Landwirtschaft und Naturschutz, zwischen Tourismus und Energiewende, zwischen Siedlungsdruck und Erholungsraum. Und nicht selten sind mehrere dieser Bereiche und ihre Ansprüche an Land und Landschaft involviert. Die klassischen Konfliktlinien haben über die Jahre zu einem – zugespitzt formuliert – routinierten Schlagabtausch mit eingeübten Argumenten zwischen bekannten Gegnerinnen geführt. Häufig genug reden sie gar nicht miteinander – man kennt ja die Positionen und Argumente. Eine Situation, die die Lösung von Landnutzungskonflikten verlässlich verhindert

The present compilation is the first attempt to generate a comprehensive list of all macrozoobenthic species recorded at least once in the German regions of the North Sea and Baltic Sea including non-indigenous species and freshwater species which occurred in brackish waters (estuaries, bays, fjords etc.). Based on the data of several research institutes and consultancies, the macrozoobenthic species inventory comprises a total of 1.866 species belonging to 16 phyla including 193 threatened species. The most common groups were: malacostracan crustaceans (21%), Polychaeta (19%), and Gastropoda (12%). Even though the two major marine regions are separated by only 50 km of land, the composition of the respective communities was different. The two seas shared only 36.6% of the recorded species which should have profound and far-reaching consequences for conservation purposes. Considering all macroinvertebrates listed 96 species, or the equivalent of 5.2%, were introduced mainly during the last two centuries. Both seas are heavily affected by human activities and are sensitive to climate change displayed by effects on the faunal compositions. The present checklist is an important step to document these changes scientifically and may act as a base for political and management decisions.