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This paper assesses the effectiveness and associated externalities that arise when macroprudential policies (MPPs) are used to manage international capital flows. Using a sample of up to 139 countries, we examine the impact of eight different MPP measures on cross-border bank flows over the period 1999-2009. Our panel analysis takes into account the structure of the banking system as well as the presence of potential crosscountry and cross-asset class spillover effects. Our results indicate that the structure of the domestic banking system matters for the effectiveness of MPPs. We specifically find that a high share of non-resident bank loans in the MPP-implementing country reduces the domestic effectiveness of most MPPs, while a high return on assets in the domestic banking system has the opposite effect. Our results on the spillover analysis indicate that both types of spillover can occur. First, we find that a high return on assets in the banking system of countries other than the MPP-implementing one leads to a reduction, and a greater degree of trade integration leads to an increase in spillovers across countries. However, the economic significance of the results suggests that only a limited number of countries will tend to experience substantial geographical spillover effects. Second, we also find some evidence of spillover effects across asset classes within countries. ; Nous évaluons l'efficacité des politiques macroprudentielles dans la gestion des flux de capitaux internationaux et les externalités découlant de leur mise en oeuvre. À l'aide d'un échantillon comptant jusqu'à 139 pays, nous étudions les effets de huit mesures de politique macroprudentielle sur les flux bancaires transfrontaliers au cours de la période allant de 1999 à 2009. Notre analyse longitudinale examine la structure du système bancaire et la présence de possibles effets de débordement entre pays et entre categories d'actifs. Nos résultats indiquent que la structure du système bancaire national a une incidence sur l'efficacité des ...

AbstractConventional wisdom suggests that the stocks of human capital were one of the few positive legacies from communism. However, if factories under communism were so inefficient, why would the education system not have been? Using the education production function approach and new data on educational inputs and outcomes from 1960 to 1989, we find evidence suggesting that the official human capital stocks figures were 'overestimated' during the communist period. In other words, we find that the official human capital stock numbers are significantly higher than those predicted not only in relation to countries at similar levels of development, but also on the basis of educational systems with comparable features and efficiency levels.