Suchergebnisse

"Over half a million men of working age left the labour market over the course of the 1990s. In this paper this remarkable decline is explored, and the roles played by the interaction of skills, long-term sickness and the disability benefit system are highlighted. The analysis shows that the decline in participation was almost exclusively among unskilled males and that this same group reported increasing long-term illness. The generosity of the disability insurance system relative to that of the unemployment insurance appears to have encouraged such workers to exit the labour market. Strong evidence is presented of sizable labour supply responses to disability insurance benefits, which would support that hypothesis. But it seems unlikely that this 1990s' experience will be repeated as disability benefits are now much less generous than they were at that time"--Bank of England web site

This is a conference paper. ; This paper presents a 2011 study of India's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Qualitative methods were used to study six villages in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The research aimed to determine how implementations and outcomes compare in Community-led Total Sanitation (software-oriented) and conventional (hardware-oriented) TSC approaches. Despite a national guideline that called for a demand-driven, community-led, incentive-based TSC, in reality most interventions were supply-led, infrastructure-centric, and subsidy-based. CLTS interventions were more awareness-focused, involving longer-term interaction with households. In conventional TSC interventions, excessive focus on construction and subsidies drove supply-led tendencies, neglect of software and participation, and exclusion of non-poor and lower-caste households. CLTS villages tended to achieve more sustequitable (sustainable and equitable) access and usage than conventional villages. Levels of local government capacity and village leadership quality were key to intervention success.

This is a conference paper. ; Verification is a process to assess the open defecation free (ODF) and hygiene status of a community. Certification is the official recognition of ODF achievement. Verification and certification of village sanitation achievement may take place simultaneously, or may be undertaken apart. They may be conducted by the same agency, or by different agencies. There are a wide variety of practices used in verification and certification in different countries, and often within countries. In this paper we present background of the Government of India's Nirmal Gram Puraskar clean village verification program, our field experiences verifying open defecation free communities, and challenges, opportunities, and recommendations for achieving quality sanitation verification at scale.