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"Pogroms and blood libels constitute the two classical and most extreme manifestations of tsarist antisemitism. They were often closely intertwined in history and memory, not least because the accusation of blood libel, the allegation that Jews murder Christian children to use their blood for ritual purposes, frequently triggered anti-Jewish violence. Such events were and are considered central to the Jewish experience in late tsarist Russia, the only country on earth with large scale anti-Jewish violence in the early twentieth century. Boasting its break from the tsarist period, the Soviet regime proudly claimed to have eradicated these forms of antisemitism. But, alas, life was much more complicated. The phenomenon and the memory of pogroms and blood libels in different areas of interwar Soviet Union-including Ukraine, Belorussia, Russia and Central Asia-as well as, after World War II, in the newly annexed territories of Lithuania, Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia are a reminder of continuities in the midst of revolutionary ruptures. The persistence, the permutation, and the responses to anti-Jewish violence and memories of violence suggest that Soviet Jews (and non-Jews alike) cohabited with a legacy of blood that did not vanish. This book traces the "afterlife" of these extreme manifestations of antisemitism in the USSR, and in doing so sheds light on the broader question of the changing position of Jews in Soviet society. One notable rupture in manifestations of antisemitism from tsarist to Soviet times included the virtual disappearance-at least during the interwar period-of the tight link between pogroms and blood allegations, indeed a common feature in the waves of anti-Jewish violence that erupted during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." --

Minsk, the present capital of Belarus, was a heavily Jewish city in the decades between the world wars. Recasting our understanding of Soviet Jewish history, Becoming Soviet Jews demonstrates that the often violent social changes enforced by the communist project did not destroy continuities with prerevolutionary forms of Jewish life in Minsk. Using Minsk as a case study of the Sovietization of Jews in the former Pale of Settlement, Elissa Bemporad reveals the ways in which many Jews acculturated to Soviet society in the 1920s and 1930s while remaining committed to older patterns of Jewish identity, such as Yiddish culture and education, attachment to the traditions of the Jewish workers' Bund, circumcision, and kosher slaughter. This pioneering study also illuminates the reshaping of gender relations on the Jewish street and explores Jewish everyday life and identity during the years of the Great Terror.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction: Jewish Women in Modern Eastern and East Central Europe -- Marginality without Bene ts: Converting Jewish Women in Lithuanian Guberniyas -- Abstract -- Tentative Evaluations: Female Conversions in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- Part of Modernity: Conversions in the Late Imperial Period -- Conversion as `Emigration' -- From Anna Kluger to Sarah Schenirer: Women's Education in Kraków and Its Discontents -- Abstract -- The Galician Jewish Press and `The Question of Our Daughters' -- Anna Kluger and Her Struggle for Higher Education -- The Kluger Case in the Local Court in Kraków -- The Kluger Case in the Supreme Court in Vienna -- The Repercussions of the Kluger Case -- Postscript: The Bais Yaakov Kraków Model -- `To Write? What's This Torture For?' Bronia Baum's Manuscripts as Testimony to the Formation of a Writer, Activist, and Journalist -- Abstract -- Breyndl (Bronia) Baum-A Life -- Bronia Baum's Literary Works -- Priority: Education -- The Role of World War I and Its Consequences in the Formation of Bronia Baum's Worldview and Attitudes -- Religion and Tradition -- Feminist Tropes, Attitude toward Men, Relations with Women -- New Rachels-Neo-Orthodox Women Poets -- The Compulsion to Write and Its Origin -- Summary -- Translated from Polish by Barbara Krawcowicz -- Humanitarian Encounters: Charity and Gender in Post-World War I Jewish Budapest -- Abstract -- Crossing the Line: Violence against Jewish Women and the New Model of Antisemitism in Poland in the 1930s -- Abstract -- Invisible Female Victims -- Women Blocked and Removed from Lecture Halls -- Ghetto Benches -- Responses to Violence against Female Jewish Students -- Conclusions -- Gender Violence: The 1917-1922 Ukrainian Pogroms and the Challenges of Modernity -- Abstract.

This book provides a rigorous social historical study of Eastern and East Central European Jewry with a specific focus on women. It demonstrates that only through the experiences of women can one fully understand key phenomena such as the momentous changes occurring in Jewish education, conversion waves, postwar relief efforts, anti-Jewish violence, Soviet productivization projects, and, more broadly, the acculturation that animated Jewish modernization. Rather than present a scenario in which secularism simply displaces traditionalism, the chapters in this book suggest a mutually transformative secularist-traditionalist encounter within which Jewish women were both prominent and instrumental. Chapter "To Write? What's This Torture For?' Bronia Baum's Manuscripts as Testimony to the Formation of a Write, Activist, and Journalist" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license via link.springer.com. "Previously published in Jewish History "Special issue: Jewish Women in Modern Eastern and East Central Europe" Volume 33, issue 1-2, March 2020".