Suchergebnisse

This article presents an analysis of the changes that have taken place in Spain regarding women's participation in production in and outside of the home, and focuses primarily on the 1940-72 period. The effects on women's work of changes in the economic structure generated by capitalist develop ment are examined in relation to the two spheres of home and paid production, and the interaction between the two spheres is emphasized. The gradual shift from a stagnant economy and rigid government regulations of the earlier period to a rapidly growing and industrializing market economy is viewed as the basis for the gradual increase in the absorption of female labor in the sphere of paid production. The relationship between this absorption and the liberalization of the highly discriminatory labor legislation set up at the beginning of the period is examined. Finally, the last part of the paper includes an analysis of the limits of this liberalization and the contradictions generated by a process of change which has taken place within an essentially static political model.

An analysis of the concepts underlying existing LF statistics & their built-in tendency to underestimate women's contribution to production. It is argued that available statistics must be used with great caution & that differences in participation rates across countries can be misleading. Conventional definitions of economic activity & LF concepts are criticized; it is suggested that use value production should be viewed as part of the economic realm, & that labor engaged in it should be accounted for as "active labor." The main objective is to counteract the ideological undervaluation of women's work, & to present a concept of economic activity related to human welfare rather than to economic growth & accumulation. 1 Table, 57 References. HA.

ABSTRACTThe measurement of socio‐economic gender inequality has not received much attention from the development literature despite its great relevance and important policy implications. In this article we present two new indices to measure gender inequalities that overcome some of the limitations inherent in the UNDP gender‐related indices and other indices presented in the literature. The proposed new indices are conducive to exploring the extent to which gender gaps favour women and/or men, and to showing the contribution of the different subcomponents to the overall levels of gender inequality. Using UNDP data, our calculations suggest that the levels of gender inequality are mostly explained by differences in the earned‐income subcomponent and that the average difference between women's and men's achievement levels has been reduced by 12 per cent during the period 1995–2005.