Suchergebnisse

Les auteurs retracent en introduction l'évolution qui a progressivement conduit les chercheurs du département Systèmes agraires et développement de l'INRA, partis de diverses interrogations sur les conditions et les modalités du développement agricole, à s'intéresser de plus en plus aux pratiques des agriculteurs, en même temps qu'ils adoptaient une démarche systémique. La première partie de cet article fournit les repères conceptuels et méthodologiques nécessaires à l'étude analytique des pratiques agricoles, étude que les auteurs resituent dans un cadre plus large, en s'appuyant sur une modélisation simple du fonctionnement de l'exploitation agricole. Ils proposent ensuite, pour l'étude des pratiques, une démarche articulée en trois volets complémentaires, centrés respectivement sur la modalité, l'efficacité et l'opportunité des pratiques. Diverses considérations relatives à l'étude des pratiques agricoles dans le temps et dans l'espace terminent cette présentation. Dans la seconde partie, consacrée à l'étude des combinaisons de pratiques mises en œuvre par les agriculteurs, les principes exposés plus haut sont utilisés pour réinterpréter diverses démarches qui visent à évaluer l'efficacité technique de ces combinaisons, puis pour présenter le concept de système de pratiques et montrer son intérêt typologique. Les auteurs soulignent la complémentarité de ces diverses approches et leur intérêt opérationnel pour le développement, et plus spécialement pour le conseil technico-économique aux agriculteurs.

National audience ; The Grenelle Environment forum is a set of political meetings organised in France in October 2007 to take long term decisions regarding environment and sustainable development. Regarding water, it announced new ambitions to improve the quantitative management and the quality of water resources. This article presents research works of agronomists. One part of these works concern the development of tools and methods to help farmers and water managers in their operations of management and planning. CRASH is being developed to help farmers to plan their cropping pattern in limited conditions of irrigation water, ADEAUMIS helps the water manager to evaluate the water demand for irrigation at a regional level in order to take better decisions regarding water releases from reservoirs, SPACSS is developed to help water administrators in their policy development process by accounting for stakeholders' views regarding regional cropping pattern, and CORPEN diagrams help farmers and managers to make diagnostics on water pollution risks. Another part of research works correspond to the set up of territorial innovations within the framework of "intervention" research activities. Three case studies are presented. They concern water quality improvement and led to implement a regrouping of lands, a cooperative of agricultural equipment or a contractual management of a territory. Until now research concerning water quality and those on water quantity were quite separated. It is now necessary to make every effort to examine these questions collectively at the same study sites and to share methodologies

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings ; International audience ; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings ; International audience ; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings ; International audience ; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings ; International audience ; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

25th International Conference, ICCBR 2017, Trondheim, Norway, June 26-28, 2017, Proceedings ; International audience ; This paper presents a prototype of case-based reasoning, built for the agricultural domain. Its aim is to forecast the allocation of a new energy crop, the miscanthus. Interviews were conducted with french farmers in order to know how they make their decisions. Based on interview analysis, a case base and a rule base have been formalized, together with similarity and adaptation knowledge. Furthermore we have introduced variations in the reasoning modules, for allowing different uses. Tests have been conducted. Results showed that the model can be used in different ways, according to the aim of the user, and e.g. the economic conditions for miscanthus allocation.

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, l'élevage fait l'objet de vifs débats en raison de ses impacts sur le climat et l'environnement, accentués par la hausse de la consommation mondiale en viandes et produits laitiers. Les impacts et services issus des élevages sont ici étudiés à l'échelle de l'Europe, en examinant leurs effets sur les marchés, l'emploi et le travail, la consommation d'intrants, l'environnement et le climat, ainsi que les enjeux sociaux et culturels associés à l'élevage. Puis les interactions entre ces volets ou " bouquets de services " sont analysées simultanément. Ces bouquets sont déclinés dans une typologie et cartographiés selon six classes de territoires d'élevage européens à partir de deux critères : la densité en animaux et la part de prairies permanentes dans le paysage agricole. Cet ouvrage reprend les enseignements d'une expertise scientifique collective conduite par 26 experts de disciplines scientifiques complémentaires et coordonnée par l'Inra, réalisée à la demande conjointe des ministères en charge de l'Environnement et de l'Agriculture, et de l'Ademe.