Suchergebnisse

The constitution and formulation of «conspiracy» as a first order problem in political philosophy is exclusively due to Machiavelli. It was him who for the first time brought this new subject into political order. With great political virtuosity, for the first time Machiavelli treats conspiracies in a fundamentally pragmatic and technical manner. ; Centre d'Études Supérieures de Civilization Médievale, Université de Poitiers Instituto Cultura y Sociedad, Universidad de Navarra; (UMR 7302) Université de Poitiers; (HAR 20114-58542-P) Universidad de Navarra ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This essay argues that the so called "politic laicization" is inseparable of a State sacralization and that this is, at the beginning of the Modern Age, the political "mystery" in itself. To prove so, "Considérations politiques sur les coups d'État" (1639), by Gabriel Naudé, will be explored in the light of some of Ernst H. Kantorowicz's recitals. It will be shown that the political actions carried out in the name of the "Mysteries of State" are no more and no less than the Prince's coups d'État. These actions reveal the mysteries just by fulfilling them. State secret, or even better, the secrecy and mystery in the theological dimension of a modern "absolute State" is, in fact, the sacredness of the State. Accordingly, coup d'État as Naudé defines it – a genuine secret of State – expresses the sacred sphere of the "Mysteries of State". ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This essay compares the treatment made by Carl Schmitt and Ernst Kantorowicz of that juridical fiction which medieval political theology called the «mystical body of Christ». By means of this comparison, this essay discusses and analyses the theological concepts of «bodyfication» and «mediation» as well as the legal concepts of «personification» and «representation». With support from both authors, the historical and political elucidation of these concepts will in turn provide a contextualized clarification of the notion of "Visible Church" allowing further theoretic deepening of the modern debate around the problem of secularization. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Many ethnic communities in the United Sates have founded community schools to perpetuate in their new land their cultural "roots", their own languages and their values. The Portuguese community in the United States is not exception and founded their first school almost one hundred years ago to promote the language and the culture of their ancestors. The purpose of this qualitative study, multiple case work, is to analyze the perceptions of six school community leaders about the context of the Portuguese community schools in the United States namely on the problems they face today, the type of leadership of the schools and the reasons of parents to place their children attending those schools. The narratives of the six leaders interviewed are consistent with common conclusions specifically that the schools face many problems nowadays related with lower enrollments and finances, lack of coordination, poor communication and collaboration among the Portuguese community schools although they benefit from a voluntary, dynamic and democratic type of leadership. These community schools are essential for the Portuguese communities in the United States. They represent the culture, the history and the special "link" to Portugal. For those reasons, these schools should be cared for and recognized by their efforts, leaderships and perpetuation of the national identity and values of our ancestors. It's extremely important that these community schools be supported and cared for because they provide an important service to the Portuguese communities and to its students

This research study intended to describe and to analyze the nature of the phenomenon of private tutoring in the Autonomous Region of Madeira. The 413 respondents, secondary senior students, have ages between the 17 and 23 years. Of the total of respondents, 56.4% were of feminine gender and 42.1% were of masculine gender. During secondary education, a significant number of students attended weekly private tutoring sessions, on the 11th and 12th grades, 44% and 41.9%, respectively. Mathematics is the subject that makes the majority of students to look for this type of educative service (87,7%). A great part of students spend between 4 and 6 hours, weekly (68,4%) in private Centres (66,7%) and the financial expenses average 80 dollars a month (56,7%). The majority of the students consider positive (87,7%) the frequency of private tutoring sessions. This parallel educational issue raises important questions that need to be studied and reflected on: a) the inequity introduced in the student population - are the prosperous families that can get the better and longer private tutoring services. In Portugal, the government introduced legislation (1999 and 2005) in order to regulate this phenomenon (i.e., permission needed for teachers to provide private tutoring and prohibition to provide private tutoring to own students or students of their own schools) however, this legislation has not been followed neither controlled; b) the other important question is the quality of public education – public schools are not providing the educational services that families and students look for; c) another important question is related to rankings of schools – the schools that are on the first places (which in Portugal are private schools) are benefiting from the private tutors who prepare their students introducing one aggravation for public schools which are not able to select their students. These issues need to be addressed in future studies.

Background: Homeless people present high rates of psychopathology, including personality disorders. Given the link between personality disorders and attachment, and the potential importance of these two traits for understanding homeless populations. Aims: Our aim was to review all studies focusing on attachment and on the full assessment of personality disorders in the homeless. Method: Overall, 213 studies were screened through title and abstract. Of these, 63 articles were chosen for full-text assessment. Results: A total of 14 articles met eligibility criteria and were included in the present review. Six studies evaluated personality disorders and eight studies assessed attachment in the homeless. In general, reports suggested that personality disorders are highly common in the homeless, with frequencies ranging between 64% and 79% for any personality disorder. The most common personality diagnoses were paranoid (14%–74%), borderline (6%–62%), avoidant (14%–63%), and antisocial (4%–57%) personality disorders. Attachment reports differed in the methods used and presented diverse results and correlates. Even so, insecure types of attachment dominated in the homeless, accounting for 62% to 100% of the samples. Conclusions: The high prevalence of personality disorders and insecure types of attachment in the homeless may impact intervention strategies for these people. The available literature evaluating attachment and the full assessment of personality disorders in the homeless is scarce, which supports the need for more research on these two topics.

Background: Schizoaffective psychosis is a severe and chronic psychiatric disorder defined by the presence of mood symptoms, like mania and/or depression and schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and/or delusions. Aims: We aim to find out whether there is a correlation between schizoaffective psychosis and being homeless. Method: To do so, a literature search was carried out in the PubMed platform in April 2022, using the keywords 'schizoaffective' and 'homeless'. Results: In this review, 28 articles from this search were included. Intrinsic characteristics, rates of psychiatric readmission, prediction of homelessness, medication noncompliance, and substance use were explored, as they were the main themes of the results. Conclusions: The homeless population suffers from great diagnostic variability and the diagnosis schizoaffective psychosis is still evolving contributing to such diagnostic and treatment difficulties. Their frequent visits to the healthcare services, especially emergency room leads to consequent interaction with multiple healthcare professionals, resulting in a myriad of diagnoses, with clinical remission and therapeutic goals not being attained. More studies are necessary for a better evaluation of this super difficult population.