Suchergebnisse

In the past decade, the problems of primary health care delivery have encompassed the problems of poverty, illness, fertility, mortality, & preventive medicine. Basic medicine-oriented at the village level by various medical groups, government strategies, & international health programs-or decentralization & expansion of Ur medicine to Ru areas have been the diverse experimental approaches. Many of the programs have not been sustained or successful over the long term. It is necessary to question whether primary health care is then the best form of medicine, or merely the one we are most habituated to & comfortable with. Primary health care, in & of itself, may not be nearly as effective as multidisciplinary approaches integrating SE planning, social sciences, epidemiologists, medical administrators, etc. Trial & error over time & endurance are the best indicators of what will & will not constitute the best approach & delivery of medical service. Present systems of primary health care should not be scrapped, but neither so firmly entrenched as to be unmodifiable. 1 Table. A. Rothman.

As a follow-up to the national health programming process developed in 1975 in Sudan, a primary health care programme for the whole country was formulated with assistance from WHO. In this article the methods used in the programming and formulation are described and discussed. These methods ensured an intersectoral approach on which technical, cultural, socioeconomic, financial, and political considerations were based. Areas in the field of health and rural development requiring government and community action during the period 1977/78-1983/84 are identified. Details on the strategies for population coverage of rural and nomadic communities with primary health care are given. Fundamental to these strategies is community participation in the development of primary health care within community development as a whole.

We examine causal links between energy consumption and health indicators (Mortality rate under-5, life expectancy, greenhouse effect, and government expenditure per capita) for a sample of 16 African countries over the period 1971-2010 (according to availability of countries' data). We use the panel-data approach of Kónya (2006), which is based on SUR systems and Wald tests with country specific bootstrap critical values. Our results show that health and energy consumption are strongly linked in Africa. Unilateral causality is found from energy consumption to life expectancy and child under-5 mortality for Senegal, Morocco, Benin, DRC, Algeria, Egypt, and South Africa. At the same time, we found a bilateral causality between energy consumption and health indicators in Nigeria. In particular, our findings suggest that electricity consumption Granger causes health outcomes for several African countries.

AbstractThis study focuses on assessing the seasonal variation in groundwater quality within the Al‐Hoceima region, specifically examining physicochemical parameters and bacteriological indicators of water fecal contamination. The sampling campaign took place during the wet and dry seasons of 2019 and 2021. In situ measurements were conducted on 37 groundwater samples to determine the physicochemical parameters, while bacteriological analyses were performed using Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a fecal contamination indicator. The findings demonstrate significant variations in physicochemical parameters across seasons and reveal fecal contamination of the groundwater, predominantly indicated by increased levels of E. coli during wet periods. Possible contributing factors include water surface runoff and percolation processes. Additionally, the result showed a high concentration of E. coli expected 240 CFU/100 mL. Pollution was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. These results underscore the poor quality of the water in the Al Hoceima region, necessitating treatment before consumption.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Introduction -- 1. POLITICS IN THE DIGITAL BOUDOIR -- 2. GENDER AND THE FRACTURED MYTHSCAPES OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN REVOLUTIONARY TUNISIA -- 3. MAKING INTIMATE "CIVILPOLITICS" IN SOUTHERN YEMEN -- 4. THE SECT-SEX-POLICE NEXUS AND POLITICS IN BAHRAIN'S PEARL REVOLUTION -- 5. "THE WOMEN ARE COMING" -- 6. CAUTIOUS ENACTMENTS -- 7. REVOLUTION UNDRESSED -- 8. INTIMATE POLITICS OF PROTEST -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX

AbstractCurrently, the convergence of climate change, population growth, and deteriorating water quality has triggered a scarcity of freshwater resources, presenting substantial hurdles for agricultural endeavors. Consequently, repurposing treated wastewater for agricultural use is gaining prominence. This strategy offers a noteworthy advantage by furnishing an alternative water source, distinct from conventional freshwater, for agricultural irrigation. The considered irrigation water categories encompass treated wastewater, sewage treated with supplementary fertilization, treated water of a specific quality, and treated water quality fortified with fertilizer. An assessment of the treated wastewater extracted from the Imzouren‐Bni Bouayach treatment facility was undertaken, encompassing scrutiny of its physical, chemical, and bacteriological attributes. This analysis yielded measurements for a range of parameters, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci. These measurements align with acceptable thresholds for direct discharge and are following Morocco's established water quality standards tailored for irrigation. In light of the soil analysis, the soil is classified as alkaline, with a pH of 8.2, and displays low salinity, evidenced by an electrical conductivity of 2.42 mS/cm. Furthermore, the soil exhibits deficiencies in organic matter and essential nutrients, with carbon content measuring 0.84%, organic matter at 1.45%, nitrogen at 0.07%, phosphorus at 10.6 mg/L, and potassium at 56.5 mg/L. The utilization of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes bestows the crop with a dependable water supply, ensuring stability in its growth.

International audience ; Les soulèvements qui se sont succédé dans le monde arabe en 2010 et 2011 n'ont pas épuisé leurs potentialités. Occupation des places, slogans dégagistes et anti-système, nouvelles mobilisations de la fin 2019: l'expérience révolutionnaire arabe s'est étendue et déborde les limites qui étaient les siennes il y a dix ans. Elle a ébranlé les sociétés au point que, malgré les contre-révolutions, rien ne sera plus comme avant.Cet ouvrage propose de lire la puissance politique des révolutions arabes, leurs répertoires d'actions, les circulations de formes protestataires depuis leurs archives. Traces du temps révolutionnaire, ces documents sont autant de balises pour le futur si l'on prend le temps de les regarder, de les lire, de les écouter.