Suchergebnisse

Cette étude décrit et commente deux cas d'adoption de technologie de comptage intelligent ; les cas allemand et britannique qui ont tous deux libéralisé leur marché de comptage. Il est ici question de mettre en lumière les différentes approches choisies par ces deux pays envers l'adoption des compteurs intelligents, en se basant sur leurs politiques énergétiques, sur les objectifs énergétiques auxquels ils font face ainsi que sur l'organisation de leur chaîne de valeur. Plus particulièrement, on s'intéressera au fait de conserver ou non l'obligation de fournisseur de dernier recours sur la stratégie d'investissement des firmes en compteur intelligent. Ces éléments seront déterminants pour établir les défis propres à l'Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni en termes d'investissement dans la technologie et d'exploitation efficace des données issues du comptage. Par la suite, cette étude tentera de déterminer les obstacles auxquels ces deux pays devraient vraisemblablement faire face sur le long terme, soit une fois le plan de déploiement de compteurs achevé. Il s'agira de déterminer quelles seront les modifications à apporter aux règles de marché et aux cadres de régulation pour maximiser les bénéfices d'un réel smart grid intégré dans lequel les compteurs sont un élément déterminant. Les éléments soulevés s'accompagnent de recommandations spécifiques aux deux pays qui s'inscrivent dans la continuité de leurs objectifs énergétiques.

Cette étude décrit et commente deux cas d'adoption de technologie de comptage intelligent ; les cas allemand et britannique qui ont tous deux libéralisé leur marché de comptage. Il est ici question de mettre en lumière les différentes approches choisies par ces deux pays envers l'adoption des compteurs intelligents, en se basant sur leurs politiques énergétiques, sur les objectifs énergétiques auxquels ils font face ainsi que sur l'organisation de leur chaîne de valeur. Plus particulièrement, on s'intéressera au fait de conserver ou non l'obligation de fournisseur de dernier recours sur la stratégie d'investissement des firmes en compteur intelligent. Ces éléments seront déterminants pour établir les défis propres à l'Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni en termes d'investissement dans la technologie et d'exploitation efficace des données issues du comptage. Par la suite, cette étude tentera de déterminer les obstacles auxquels ces deux pays devraient vraisemblablement faire face sur le long terme, soit une fois le plan de déploiement de compteurs achevé. Il s'agira de déterminer quelles seront les modifications à apporter aux règles de marché et aux cadres de régulation pour maximiser les bénéfices d'un réel smart grid intégré dans lequel les compteurs sont un élément déterminant. Les éléments soulevés s'accompagnent de recommandations spécifiques aux deux pays qui s'inscrivent dans la continuité de leurs objectifs énergétiques.

International audience ; Smart Grid technology appears necessary to succeed in activating the demand through demand side management (DSM) programs. This would in turn improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. The many pilot projects led worldwide involving smart grids technology, brought quantitative evaluations of DSM measures on electricity load. Efficient DSM instruments must be fine tuned to respond to very specific issues arising from the generation mix, the integration of intermittent energies or the level of outage risks faced during peak period. Efficient DSM strategies are illustrated through a model involving five countries that carry these different features and under the assumptions of isolated and fully interconnected markets. This paper aims at bringing recommendations regarding the instruments that should be implemented to maximize the benefits of smart grids technology and demand response. Finally, it tends to emphasis the issue of homogenized energy efficiency policies, critical in the building of internal energy markets such as the one the European Union is envisioning.

International audience ; Smart Grid technology appears necessary to succeed in activating the demand through demand side management (DSM) programs. This would in turn improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. The many pilot projects led worldwide involving smart grids technology, brought quantitative evaluations of DSM measures on electricity load. Efficient DSM instruments must be fine tuned to respond to very specific issues arising from the generation mix, the integration of intermittent energies or the level of outage risks faced during peak period. Efficient DSM strategies are illustrated through a model involving five countries that carry these different features and under the assumptions of isolated and fully interconnected markets. This paper aims at bringing recommendations regarding the instruments that should be implemented to maximize the benefits of smart grids technology and demand response. Finally, it tends to emphasis the issue of homogenized energy efficiency policies, critical in the building of internal energy markets such as the one the European Union is envisioning.

International audience ; Smart Grid technology appears necessary to succeed in activating the demand through demand side management (DSM) programs. This would in turn improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. The many pilot projects led worldwide involving smart grids technology, brought quantitative evaluations of DSM measures on electricity load. Efficient DSM instruments must be fine tuned to respond to very specific issues arising from the generation mix, the integration of intermittent energies or the level of outage risks faced during peak period. Efficient DSM strategies are illustrated through a model involving five countries that carry these different features and under the assumptions of isolated and fully interconnected markets. This paper aims at bringing recommendations regarding the instruments that should be implemented to maximize the benefits of smart grids technology and demand response. Finally, it tends to emphasis the issue of homogenized energy efficiency policies, critical in the building of internal energy markets such as the one the European Union is envisioning.

While the majority of CO 2 emissions can be assigned to urban areas, municipalities have been the leaders of energy transition in the last decade. Numerous cities and towns have proposed ambitious goals and plans, but they still encounter barriers within the planning and implementation process. In this deliverable (D 2.2) of the FlexSUS project, we explore the barriers as perceived by four selected municipalities in Denmark and Sweden. As part of Task 2.2 Market and regulatory barriers, D 2.2 contains an analysis of key challenges in the current institutional framework for selected municipalities in Denmark and Sweden and a review of supportive framework conditions and initiatives, primarily concentrating on heat systems. Data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with planners from the partner municipalities and elaborated based on an iterative process with relevant stakeholders. We identify a number of regulatory, financial, organisational and technological challenges for successful energy transition. Overall, the findings show that regulation and permitting is the barrier occurring in each analysed municipality. Moreover, financing is a main barrier in less wealthy municipalities and those with smaller district heating penetration. Nonetheless, all the interviewed municipalities have ongoing activities (here called good practices), attempting to address some of the challenges and facilitate municipal energy transition. We also find that regulatory barriers need to be tackled on the national level, while allowing more decision freedom for municipalities. In Denmark, some of the new legislation and measures announced in 2020 may be able to address the identified weaknesses in the regulatory and legal frameworks. We recommend that, to the extent this is possible, the ongoing municipal initiatives are continued - and new ones are developed, based on lessons learnt from across different municipalities. We provide further recommendations in the Policy Brief, which compiles key "soft practices" that are favourable for the implementation of impactful initiatives in any municipality.

With an electricity mix increasingly based on renewables, Electric Vehicles (EVs) can play a significant role in the decarbonization of the Danish transport sector and society. However, current EV market trends are too slow for electrified transport to play its part in the country's energy shift to reach the 70% CO2 reduction goal set forth by the Danish government. This report focuses on the role of public authorities in supporting the development of clean vehicles in general and EVs in particular. We consider the techno-economic characteristics of EVs in terms of purchase and use cost on the one hand, and in terms of battery charge and flexibility, on the other hand, to delimit the scope of actions for supporting policies and framework conditions. Using a benchmark analysis, the report derives good policy practices from EV pioneer world countries and compares them to the recent Danish policy framework for EV development. Successful incentive frameworks build on a combination of instruments and measures directed at offsetting the overcost of EV compared to substitutable vehicles. Especially, good practices show that direct subsidy schemes together with tax exemption on EV provide the main incentive leading to purchasing decisions. These incentive instruments should then be combined with targeted policy measures that will further diminish the cost of use of the vehicle during its life cycle. We show that, despite a certain delay in the application of supportive framework conditions for the market uptake of electric cars, the overall set of recently adopted targets and policy measures in Denmark is aligned in terms of diversity with the regulatory package set forth in leading countries. However, the incentive framework shows substantial limits, particularly with regard to the incentive scope of the economic incentive instruments (subsidies etc.). In the absence of higher support schemes aimed at significantly dropping the cost of EVs for the consumers, it is unlikely that market sales will follow the trends shown in fast-growing markets such as Norway. In the meantime, the roadmap published by Danish authorities and the allocated budget for the roll-out of charging infrastructure over the coming years sends strong signals to the industry and future EV owners, that adapted infrastructure is underway. This report also pays particular attention to the flexible integration of electric car batteries to the electricity system. More specifically, we identify the provision of multiple flexibility services to the electricity markets as an additional source of revenue for car owners and a way to save costs and optimize operation on the electricity networks. Current electricity market rules applying to Denmark are scrutinized and barriers to the participation of EV to day-ahead and balancing markets are identified. Multiple current features of market product design and technical requirements for ancillary services and flexibility in day-ahead markets critically prevent business opportunities for electric car batteries. The following adaptions of market designs are necessary if we want to support EV participation to flexibility.  Reduction of minimum bid requirement for ancillary services;  Relax pre-qualification requirements and technical requirements on measurement devices;  Reduction of service duration;  Adjustment of non-delivery penalty;  Move gate-closure closer to operation hour;  Intensify market framework harmonization in Europe. The lessons learned and recommendations made to facilitate small flexibility providers' participation at the TSO level can serve as backbone to develop suited rules at the decentralized level, too. EV should be eligible to the provision of grid services and penalties for non-delivery shall be fair and not represent an entry barrier. On the distribution level, unrestricted EV charging can lead to local system instabilities. To avoid the costly expansion of distribution systems, local markets emerge as a viable solution. Local markets should in priority provide signals reflecting congestions and voltage levels such that EV charging follows grid constraints in real-time. Additional transversal barriers to EV flexibility also arise from unsuited regulatory framework conditions. In particular, the current grid tariff scheme should be adjusted to better reflect local stresses on the network and further support the offer of new grid services. In the meantime, such a tariff would delay or avoid costly reinforcement on the distribution grid to accommodate the new load from EVs, and limit the electricity bill increase for all end-users. Finally, as Denmark does not have a domestic vehicle production, EV development also depends on decisions taken in the surrounding countries with an automotive industry, such as Sweden and Germany. Sweden seems to move towards an electrification of transport, while Germany is heavily investing in its hydrogen industry. It is likely that the respective outcomes of both strategy will affect future decisions in Danish transport sector, too.

available online 9 January 2014 : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513012524 ; International audience ; Demand side management (DSM) in electricity markets could improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. For the past 10 years or so DSM programmes have registered significant results. However, detailed analysis of its real impact as observed by a large number of pilot studies suggests that such programmes need to be fine-tuned to suit clearly identified conditions. This study aims to provide recommendations for the instruments to be used to prompt demand response with a view to maximizing energy and environmental efficiencies of various countries. The present study suggests that different DSM models should be deployed depending on the specific generation mix in any given country. Beside the natural benefits from cross-borders infrastructures, DSM improves the flexibility and reliability of the energy system, absorbing some shock on generation mix. We show efficiency increases with demand response but at a decreasing rate. So, according to rebound and report effects, simple DSM tools could be preferred.

available online 9 January 2014 : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513012524 ; International audience ; Demand side management (DSM) in electricity markets could improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. For the past 10 years or so DSM programmes have registered significant results. However, detailed analysis of its real impact as observed by a large number of pilot studies suggests that such programmes need to be fine-tuned to suit clearly identified conditions. This study aims to provide recommendations for the instruments to be used to prompt demand response with a view to maximizing energy and environmental efficiencies of various countries. The present study suggests that different DSM models should be deployed depending on the specific generation mix in any given country. Beside the natural benefits from cross-borders infrastructures, DSM improves the flexibility and reliability of the energy system, absorbing some shock on generation mix. We show efficiency increases with demand response but at a decreasing rate. So, according to rebound and report effects, simple DSM tools could be preferred.

available online 9 January 2014 : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513012524 ; International audience ; Demand side management (DSM) in electricity markets could improve energy efficiency and achieve environmental targets through controlled consumption. For the past 10 years or so DSM programmes have registered significant results. However, detailed analysis of its real impact as observed by a large number of pilot studies suggests that such programmes need to be fine-tuned to suit clearly identified conditions. This study aims to provide recommendations for the instruments to be used to prompt demand response with a view to maximizing energy and environmental efficiencies of various countries. The present study suggests that different DSM models should be deployed depending on the specific generation mix in any given country. Beside the natural benefits from cross-borders infrastructures, DSM improves the flexibility and reliability of the energy system, absorbing some shock on generation mix. We show efficiency increases with demand response but at a decreasing rate. So, according to rebound and report effects, simple DSM tools could be preferred.

Offshore wind power development is expected to play an important role in meeting the EU climate targets. To integrate offshore wind power, advanced offshore infrastructures such as meshed grids are suggested to optimise the grid development. Meshed offshore grids refer to integrated offshore infrastructure where offshore wind power hubs are interconnected to several countries as opposed to radial connection linking the wind farm to one single country and market. However, development of meshed architectures is hindered by the legal and regulatory barriers. Earlier research has identified the lack of cooperation and misalignments in national legal and regulatory frameworks as being the main risk factors in integrated offshore network investments. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether a supra-national TSO could facilitate regional cooperation and coordinated investments to develop meshed offshore grids. Several studies have discussed the case of North Seas, but the Baltic Sea region has had less attention despite the large offshore wind development potential. In this paper, a multi-disciplinary approach combining legal dogmatics and regulatory economics is used to identify the existing barriers and the possible solutions. The Baltic Sea countries are used as illustration. We suggest legal and regulatory recommendations that comply with the EU energy policy targets of sustainability, competition and reliability.

The Flex4RES project investigated how an intensified interaction between coupled energy markets supported by coherent regulatory frameworks can facilitate the integration of high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) into Nordic-Baltic energy systems ensuring stability, sustainability, and cost-efficiency. Through a holistic system approach based on coupled energy markets, the potential costs and benefits of achieving flexibility in the Nordic-Baltic electricity market from the heat, gas and transport sectors, as well as through electricity transmission and generation were identified. Flex4RES developed and applied a multidisciplinary research strategy that combined the technical analysis of flexibility needs and potentials; the economic analysis of markets and regulatory frameworks; and the modelling of energy systems, which quantifies impacts. Flex4RES identified transition pathways to sustainable Nordic energy systems through the development of coherent regulatory frameworks and market designs that facilitate market interactions which are optimal for the Nordic-Baltic conditions in an EU context. Flex4RES will comprehensively discuss and disseminate the recommended pathways and market designs for achieving a future sustainable Nordic-Baltic energy solution with a variety of stakeholders from government, industry and civil society.

The Flex4RES project investigated how intensified interaction between coupled energy markets supported by coherent regulatory frameworks can facilitate the integration of high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) into Nordic-Baltic energy systems, thus ensuring stability, sustainability and cost-effectiveness. Through a holistic systemic approach based on coupled energy markets in the region, the potential costs and benefits of achieving flexibility in the Nordic -Baltic electricity market from the heat, gas and transport sectors, as well as through electricity transmission and generation, were identified. Flex4RES developed and applied a multidisciplinary research strategy that combined technical analysis of flexibility needs and potential, economic analysis of markets and regulatory frameworks, and the modelling of energy systems, which quantifies impacts. Flex4RES identified transition pathways to sustainable Nordic energy systems through the development of coherent regulatory frameworks and market designs that facilitate market interactions which are optimal for the Nordic -Baltic conditions in an EU context. Flex4RES results will be of high relevance to stakeholders from governments, industry and civil society for better market designs for achieving a sustainable energy system in the Nordic-Baltic region. WHY: To ensure that a future decarbonised energy system is possible, in line with climate concerns, national decarbonisation targets and the UN's SDGs. HOW: By increasing energy-system flexibility to accommodate high shares of variable renewable energy such as wind power. WHAT: Identifying and as sessing regulatory and technical pathways towards coherent Nordic energy systems.

A framework to account for social acceptance in the modelling of energy-transition pathways is outlined. The geographical focus is on the Nordic-Baltic energy region and the technological focus is on onshore wind power and power transmission, which are considered key technologies in achieving carbon-neutral energy systems in northern Europe. We combine qualitative analysis of social acceptance with quantitative assessments of scenarios using techno-economic energy-system modelling. Key factors in and consequences of social acceptance are identified, especially environmental, health, and distributional factors, as well as costs for developers and society. The energy system analysis includes four scenarios illustrating the system effects and costs of low social acceptance. The results indicate that if low social acceptance were to restrict investments in onshore wind power, costlier solar photovoltaics and offshore wind power would step in. Greater social acceptance cost for onshore wind and transmission lines favours local solutions and a more balanced renewable energy mix. There are important distributional effects: no restrictions on transmission line investments benefit power producers while raising consumer prices in the Nordic-Baltic energy region, while very low social acceptance of onshore wind power would lead to 12% higher consumer costs. The results imply that socio-technical and political factors such as social acceptance may significantly affect transition pathway scenarios based on techno-economic variables alone. Therefore, the techno-economic, socio-technical and political layers of co-evolution of energy systems should be considered when analysing long-term energy transitions. It is important to link energy-system models with a consideration of the dynamics of socio-technical factors.

A framework to account for social acceptance in the modelling of energy-transition pathways is outlined. The geographical focus is on the Nordic-Baltic energy region and the technological focus is on onshore wind power and power transmission, which are considered key technologies in achieving carbon-neutral energy systems in northern Europe. We combine qualitative analysis of social acceptance with quantitative assessments of scenarios using techno-economic energy-system modelling. Key factors in and consequences of social acceptance are identified, especially environmental, health, and distributional factors, as well as costs for developers and society. The energy system analysis includes four scenarios illustrating the system effects and costs of low social acceptance. The results indicate that if low social acceptance were to restrict investments in onshore wind power, costlier solar photovoltaics and offshore wind power would step in. Greater social acceptance cost for onshore wind and transmission lines favours local solutions and a more balanced renewable energy mix. There are important distributional effects: no restrictions on transmission line investments benefit power producers while raising consumer prices in the Nordic-Baltic energy region, while very low social acceptance of onshore wind power would lead to 12% higher consumer costs. The results imply that socio-technical and political factors such as social acceptance may significantly affect transition pathway scenarios based on techno-economic variables alone. Therefore, the techno-economic, socio-technical and political layers of co-evolution of energy systems should be considered when analysing long-term energy transitions. It is important to link energy-system models with a consideration of the dynamics of socio-technical factors.