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Information Classification Policies : An Exploratory Investigation
InfoSec policies are considered a key mechanism in information security, and most organizations have one. However, the large majority of security policy research has focused on what policies should include rather than how they are accomplished in practice. To contribute to overcoming the lack of knowledge regarding this crucial aspect, this paper investigates information security policies based on what underlying approaches information classification practices are built on and the perceived ease of turning the policy into practice. To do so, a survey was sent to 284 Swedish government agencies, and 80 of their internal policies were collected as data. The data were analyzed both qualitatively, and qualitatively. The results show that information classification adoption rates are low despite being mandatory and that agencies are struggling in closing the gap between standards and practice. Furthermore, the results also show that information classification policies need to be more specific and give more actionable advice regarding, e.g., how information life-cycle management is included in practice, and where the responsibility for classification is put in the organization.
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Information Classification Policies : An Exploratory Investigation
InfoSec policies are considered a key mechanism in information security, and most organizations have one. However, the large majority of security policy research has focused on what policies should include rather than how they are accomplished in practice. To contribute to overcoming the lack of knowledge regarding this crucial aspect, this paper investigates information security policies based on what underlying approaches information classification practices are built on and the perceived ease of turning the policy into practice. To do so, a survey was sent to 284 Swedish government agencies, and 80 of their internal policies were collected as data. The data were analyzed both qualitatively, and qualitatively. The results show that information classification adoption rates are low despite being mandatory and that agencies are struggling in closing the gap between standards and practice. Furthermore, the results also show that information classification policies need to be more specific and give more actionable advice regarding, e.g., how information life-cycle management is included in practice, and where the responsibility for classification is put in the organization.
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'In or Out'—On the Dynamic between Acceptance and Rejection and its Influence on Health in Adolescent Girls
In: Young: Nordic journal of youth research, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 291-303
ISSN: 1741-3222
Adolescent girls' subjective health, or well-being, is of international concern as the frequency of psychological and psychosomatic complaints is continuously increasing in several countries world-wide. The causes of this development are still obscure. The aim of this study was to explore well-being and strategies for increased well-being among adolescent girls. Grounded Theory method was used, in which in-depth interviews were held with 18 adolescent girls, 17–18 years of age. Results showed that striving for acceptance and avoiding rejection were central for their well-being. When rejection was experienced, emotions of stress–shame were recognized, a phenomena we call the stress–shame cycle. In the struggle to prevent rejection and to become accepted, the girls strived to boost their social attractiveness by impression management.
Predictors of smoking among Swedish adolescents
In: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/1296
Abstract Background Smoking most often starts in adolescence, implying that understanding of predicting factors for smoking initiation during this time period is essential for successful smoking prevention. The aim of this study was to examine predicting factors in early adolescence for smoking in late adolescence. Methods Longitudinal cohort study, involving 649 Swedish adolescents from lower secondary school (12–13 years old) to upper secondary school (17–18 years old). Tobacco habits, behavioural, intra- and interpersonal factors and socio-demographic variables were assessed through questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify predicting factors. Results Smoking prevalence increased from 3.3% among 12–13 year olds to 25.1% among 17–18 year olds. Possible predictors of smoking were: female sex, lower parental education, poorer family mood, poorer self-rated health, poorer self-esteem, less negative attitude towards smoking, binge drinking, snus use and smoking. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, female sex (OR 1.64, CI 1.08-2.49), medium and low self-esteem (medium: OR 1.57, CI 1.03-2.38, low: 2.79, CI 1.46-5.33), less negative attitude towards smoking (OR 2.81, CI 1.70-4.66) and ever using snus (OR 3.43, CI 1.78-6.62) remained significant independent predicting factors. Conclusions The study stresses the importance of strengthening adolescents' self-esteem, promoting anti-smoking attitudes in early adolescence, as well as avoidance of early initiation of snus. Such measures should be joint efforts involving parents, schools, youth associations, and legislating authorities.
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Predictors of smoking among Swedish adolescents
BACKGROUND: Smoking most often starts in adolescence, implying that understanding of predicting factors for smoking initiation during this time period is essential for successful smoking prevention. The aim of this study was to examine predicting factors in early adolescence for smoking in late adolescence. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study, involving 649 Swedish adolescents from lower secondary school (12-13 years old) to upper secondary school (17-18 years old). Tobacco habits, behavioural, intra- and interpersonal factors and socio-demographic variables were assessed through questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify predicting factors. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence increased from 3.3% among 12-13 year olds to 25.1% among 17-18 year olds. Possible predictors of smoking were: female sex, lower parental education, poorer family mood, poorer self-rated health, poorer self-esteem, less negative attitude towards smoking, binge drinking, snus use and smoking. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, female sex (OR 1.64, CI 1.08-2.49), medium and low self-esteem (medium: OR 1.57, CI 1.03-2.38, low: 2.79, CI 1.46-5.33), less negative attitude towards smoking (OR 2.81, CI 1.70-4.66) and ever using snus (OR 3.43, CI 1.78-6.62) remained significant independent predicting factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study stresses the importance of strengthening adolescents' self-esteem, promoting anti-smoking attitudes in early adolescence, as well as avoidance of early initiation of snus. Such measures should be joint efforts involving parents, schools, youth associations, and legislating authorities.
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