Suchergebnisse

In the Polish People's Republic (PRL), almost all schools were state-owned and served a subservient role to the communist system. Non-public schools in Poland, which developed in the late 1980s, are either charter schools run by NGOs or private schools run by individuals. The development of non-public schools in Poland was a manifestation of a grassroots initiative of civil society, which did not approve of the totalitarian ideology implemented in public schools and the dysfunctional, backward way of managing these schools.
Objective: The aim of the article is to present the dynamics of the development of non-public forms of education in Poland in the years 1989-2014.
Research design & Methods: The study used quantitative methodology - statistical data obtained by information registers of public administration. The compilation of these data allowed to show the dynamics of the development of non-public schools in Poland and the direction of development of this phenomenon.
Findings: The analysis of the existing data made it possible to draw a specific map of the development of non-public schools according to the number of schools, students, and teachers, also taking into account the geographical distribution of these schools in individual Polish voivodships. The conclusions of the research confirm the thesis that the creation and development of private schools is a phenomenon that from the beginning was a social work - a bottom-up initiative of civil society.
Contribution: Filling the research gap in the form of a synthetic approach to the development of education alternatives to public education in Poland, in which the responsibility for the implementation of part of the task of meeting needs and providing well in the form of education was taken over by citizens instead of the state. Spreading awareness among scientists and society of the importance of the issues raised in the article and inspiration for the participation of citizens in social life and their specific impact, the strength of the impact of the changes made on the surrounding reality.

The article discusses the concept of civil society. The author briefly elaborates on how this concept developed and enumerates the factors that determine its condition. The problem of social incapability of civil behaviour in public life continues to be an issue. The author points to the era of socialism and transformation processes as the causes of the current situation. A very important part in raising children and youngsters as future citizens is played, among others, by schools. Formally, this happens by means of implementing civil education. Various initiatives are launched nationwide and across Europe to promote civil education and prepare individuals for the role of active citizens in democratic societies. Do Polish citizens know their rights and responsibilities? Do they engage in any forms of civil activity? Are they aware of the mechanisms that are at work in civil societies? This article attempts to answer the question of what it means to be a citizen nowadays. ; 31 ; 167 ; 175 ; 9 ; Studia Edukacyjne

Mobility of students, mobility of scientists and ECT system — implementation of the Bologna Process in Polish universitiesThe article introduces the idea of the Bologna Process – a European-wide initiative which focuses on changes in the higher education system. The strategic aim of this policy is to create a European Higher Education Area and to improve its international competitiveness The authors analyze the genesis of the idea of the Bologna Process, briefly discuss its strategic objectives, the tools used to achieve them and describe the stakeholders taking part in the implementation of the policy at the European and national levels. The essay concentrates on the description of the two out of six main tools of the Bologna Process: mobility and ECTS system as well as their implementation in Polish universities