Suchergebnisse

The history of the Christian-Jewish relations is full of curious, intense, and occasionally tragic episodes. In the dialectical development of the Western monotheistic religions, Judaism plays the role of the "thesis", of the origins and background for the rise of Christianity and Islam. With the rise of Christianity, Judaism was progressively marginalized, since it was denied the same essence and validity of Christianity, which grew immensely in terms of spiritual and secular power. Christian scholars since the Middle Ages looked at Judaism as at the "broken staff" in the evolutionist line of religion, to quote the insightful work of the late Frank E. Manuel. At the same time, while re-discovering Judaism, Christian scholars redefined themselves, and Christianity as well. However, while Christianity encompassed many sects and many nations, the relatively weak diversity within Judaism, the religion of a single nation, seemed to hinder its evolution and development. While the intellectual battle was fought in a scholarly way, the emergence of the Christian State condemned the Jews to perpetual discrimination and occasional toleration, until a lay State, Nazi Germany, threatened the survival of the Jewish people. Neutral controversial works became powerful extermination tools when used in the political arena. This volume casts light on some crucial episodes in the long dialectics within the same intellectual and religious framework, touching upon themes such as the conception of time future in the age of Spinoza, the early encounters of Judaism and Christianity in eighteenth-century England, the memory of the Shoah, and the political revolution present in the system of the Jewish Commonwealth. From early to late Modernity, there is a history of friendship and diffidence, mutual understanding and dramatic disagreements, which, even today, largely

A milder colonization : Jewish expansion to the New World, and the New World in the Jewish consciousness of the early modern era / Paolo Bernardini -- Biblical history and the Americas : the legend of Solomon's Ophir, 1492-1591 / James Romm -- Knowledge of newly discovered lands among Jewish communities of Europe (from 1492 to the Thirty Years' War) / Noah J. Efron -- Jewish scientists and the origin of modern navigation / Patricia Seed -- The hope of the Netherlands : Menasseh ben Israel and the Dutch idea of America / Benjamin Schmidt -- Israel in America : the wanderings of the lost ten tribes from Mikveigh Yisrael to Timothy McVeigh / David S. Katz -- New Christian, Marrano, Jew / Robert Rowland -- Marrano religiosity in Hispanic America in the seventeenth century / Nathan Wachtel -- Crypto-Jews and the Mexican Holy Office in the seventeenth century / Solange Alberro -- The participation of new Christians and Crypto-Jews in the conquest, colonization, and trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660 / Eva Alexandra Uchmany -- Crypto-Jews and new Christians in colonial Peru and Chile / G(c)ơnter B(c)œhm -- Marranos and the Inquisition : on the Gold Route in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Anita Novinsky -- Outcasts from the kingdom : the Inquisition and the banishment of new Christians to Brazil / Geraldo Pieroni -- The Portuguese Jewish nation of Saint-Esprit-l(c)·s-Bayonne : the American dimension / G(c)♭rard Nahon -- Atlantic trade and Sephardim merchants in eighteenth-century France : the case of Bordeaux / Silvia Marzagalli -- Jewish settlements in the French colonies in the Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Cayenne) and the "Black code" / Mordechai Arbell -- New Christians/"new whites" : Sephardic Jews, free people of color, and citizenship in French Saint-Domingue, 1760-1789 / John D. Garrigus -- The Jews of Dutch America / Jonathan I. Israel -- The Jews in Suriname and Cura(c)ʹao / Wim Klooster -- An Atlantic perspective on the Jewish struggle for rights and opportunities in Brazil, New Netherland, and New York / James Homer Williams -- Antecedents and remnants of Jodensavanne : the synagogues and cemeteries of the first permanent plantation settlement of New World Jews / Rachel Frankel -- Jews and new Christians in the Atlantic slave trade / Seymour Drescher -- New Christians in the sugar trade, 1550-1750 : two centuries of development of the Atlantic economy / James C. Boyajian -- New Christians and Jews as sugar cultivators and traders in the Portuguese Atlantic, 1450-1800 / Ernst Pijning -- The Jewish moment and the two expansion systems in the Atlantic, 1580-1650 / Pieter Emmer -- The Jews in British America / Jonathan D. Sarna

Homosexuality, bisexuality, transvestitism, and trans-genders represented new ideas, customs, and mentalities which shattered nineteenth-century Italy. At this time, Italy was a state in the making, with a growing population, a fading aristocracy, and new urban classes entering the scene. While still an extremely Catholic country, atheism and secularization slowly undermined the old, traditional morality, with literature and poetry endorsing innovative fashions coming from abroad. Laxity mixed with perversion, while new forms of sexuality mirrored the immense changes taking place in a society