Suchergebnisse

TO MANY POLITICAL COMMENTATORS, `LOBBYING' IS STILL VIEWED AS ESSENTIALLY AN ALIEN CONCEPT. NEVERTHELESS, COMMERCIAL LOBBYING COMPANIES HAVE SUCCESSFULLY MARKETED THEMSELVES THROUGHOUT THE 1980S AS EXPERTS INN PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE AND INFORMED OBSERVERS OF THE WIDER POLITICAL PROCESS. THEIR SUCCESS CAN IN LARGE PART BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE PERSONNEL INVOLVED AND IN PARTICULAR THE BACKGROUNDS OF KEY COMPANY EMPLOYEES. AFTER AN EXAMINATION OF THESE LOBBYING COMPANIES, THIS ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT WHILE THE REALITY BEHIND MUCH OF THE LOBBYING INDUSTRY'S ACTIVITY IN BRITAIN IS OPEN TO QUESTION AND INVESTGATION, MUCH OF THEIR ACTIVITY IN BRITAIN REMAINS SURPRISINGLY MUNDANE, AND LARGELY UNRECOGNIZABLE FROM THE SENSATIONALIST LOBBYIST EXCESSES SO OFTEN PORTRAYED IN THE MEDIA.

Metadata only record ; For over a decade African economies have been plagued by recurrent food shortages, economic decline and growing disparities between the living standards of rich and poor. A further dimension of the agrarian crisis in recent years has been the extreme volatility of both agro-climatic and politico-economic conditions facing agricultural producers and rural households. The present article describes some of the strategies which farmers have used to cope with the crisis, and explores their implications for agricultural performance. People's ability to generate a livelihood or increase their assets depends on their access to productive resources and their ability to control and use resources effectively. Access depends, in turn, on participation in a variety of social institutions, as well as on material wealth and market transactions. One objective of this paper is to examine some of the ways in which institutions have served as channels of access to productive resources; have shaped strategies of agricultural production and investment; and have been affected, in turn, by farmers' patterns of resource use. A second issue to be addressed is the extent to which the increasing instability of economic, political and environmental conditions in recent years has reinforced or altered on-going processes of resource access and resource use. Like farmers anywhere, Africans have responded to instability and economic decline by economizing and, at the same time, attempting to diversify their options. The particular forms of these activities have, however, reflected specifically African conditions-including the role of social institutions in processes of access and control- and may, in turn, have contributed to the intractability of the agrarian crisis itself.

Metadata only record ; In general, the history of access, control and use of agricultural resources in colonial and postcolonial Africa has been one of cross-cultural interaction-through discourse as well as through political economy. That the legacy of these interactions is part of the agrarian crisis does not invalidate bringing multiple cultural and disciplinary perspectives to bear on efforts to understand it. The papers in this collection are all efforts in that direction.

AbstractThe paper consists essentially of two parts. In the first part a linear economic impact model is presented whose structure is based on subcontracting flows. The structural coefficients are defined in terms of flows per area. The model is derived from two identities that are analogous to the income and expenditure identities of national income accounting. The parameters are prime contracts and when one or several of the prime contracts are changed, the model determines the impacts of such changes on the various regions that have been selected. The impacts can be combined with regional multipliers to derive changes in regional income and regional employment. Fragmentary data for this kind of model have been collected on a one‐time basis by DOD in 1965 and some results based on the data are presented. The second part of the paper is concerned with normative economics. A scheme is suggested, called compensated procurement, that outlines how the Department of Defense might employ the impact model in a macroeconomic setting. The basic idea is that a stabilization fund be established to finance an array of potential projects which are contracted for to balance sudden shifts in defense demand. Only short‐run stabilization is advocated.

Interesterified (IE) fats are used in a wide range of food products and were introduced as a replacement for trans fats, which are known to be detrimental to cardiovascular health. However, the effects of interesterification on metabolism and subsequent effects on cardiovascular health are not understood and previous studies have seldom investigated industrially-relevant IE fats. No legislation currently exists regarding the labelling of IE fats in food products and therefore estimates of average consumption rates in the UK population are currently unavailable. In order to meet the urgent need for a systematic investigation of the health effects of consumer-relevant IE fats, it is essential to estimate current IE fat intakes and to investigate biological mechanisms that might mediate acute and chronic cardiometabolic effects of commercially relevant IE fats.

Interesterified (IE) fats are used in a wide range of food products and were introduced as a replacement for trans fats, which are known to be detrimental to cardiovascular health. However, the effects of interesterification on metabolism and subsequent effects on cardiovascular health are not understood and previous studies have seldom investigated industrially-relevant IE fats. No legislation currently exists regarding the labelling of IE fats in food products and therefore estimates of average consumption rates in the UK population are currently unavailable. In order to meet the urgent need for a systematic investigation of the health effects of consumer-relevant IE fats, it is essential to estimate current IE fat intakes and to investigate biological mechanisms that might mediate acute and chronic cardiometabolic effects of commercially relevant IE fats.