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Space science and technology (S & T) holds great potential for international scientific cooperation in the Arctic, especially concerning climate change. Space-based earth observation, navigation/positioning and communication is of great value to Arctic local and indigenous communities. Space-based S & T is also a prerequisite for development of Arctic shipping and natural resources. At the same time, space S & T in the Arctic holds dynamics, which may undermine Arctic and international stability and security. The Arctic houses key infrastructure for nuclear strategic stability, weapon systems, early warning, and ballistic missile defense. Arctic high latitudes provide significant advantages to space S & T with the potential for dual use. Space, which now underpins all societies, may become militarized. Strategic stability safeguards humanity. During the Cold War, there was an effective decision-making process mediated by game theory and modelling. However, new technologies, a far more complex multi-player, multi-nation environment and new space S & T reduce the effectiveness of traditional approaches. This research proposes to address the current intellectual vacuum by creating a clearer understanding of the parameters, players, technologies, and their interactions and develop a new and robust theoretical basis that will contribute in the longer term towards appropriate and balanced Arctic governance for achieving strategic stability and space security. This research will test the hypothesis that Arctic space S & T destabilizes strategic stability and space security. New theory, empirical overview, and modelling will provide a new intellectual basis for governance of Arctic space S & T for strategic stability and space security in the new era.

This article combines History (the discipline) research with International Relations (sub-discipline of Political Science, my point of departure) for transnational studies research on long-term developments of transnational professional relations between the USA/Europe and the Middle East and East Asia through missionary universities. American Protestant and French Catholic missionaries were important transnational intellectuals and professionals who founded universities in the late 1800s and early 1900s. These universities continue to educate generations of transnational professionals. The article seeks to contribute in particular to the transnational studies dimension of International Relations drawing on educational, social and cultural history.

Danmark har været statsretsligt knyttet til Nordatlanten siden unionen med Norge i 1380. Den kontinentaleuropæiske småstat Danmarks forhold til Nordatlanten drives frem af eksterne chok fra stormagtsrelationer og nationalliberale uafhængighedsidéer, der peger mod stadigt større og fuld selvstændighed for Færøerne og Grønland. Denne udvikling fortsætter ubønhørligt i et internationalt system præget af magtforskydning fra Vest til Øst med Kinas vækst. Danmark og Nordatlanten trænger til en fælles intellektuel struktur til at analyse, diskutere og forme deres fremtidige forhold baseret på historisk læring. 1918-forbundsloven mellem Danmark og Island, som gjorde Island til en suveræn og ligeværdig stat i personalunion om fælles konge med Danmark er et forholdsvis overset, men væsentligt bidrag til sådan historisk læring.

Denmark has been constitutionally linked to the North Atlantic since the Danish-Norwegian union of 1380. Denmark is a Continental European small state, whose relationship with Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland has been shaped by external shocks from great power conflict and national liberal ideas that all point towards ever greater and eventually full independence for the Faroe Islands and Greenland. This development continues in today's international system shaped by power transition from West to East and the rise of China. Denmark and the North Atlantic need a common intellectual framework to analyze, debate and decide their future relationship based on historical learning. The 1918 union agreement between Denmark and Iceland made Iceland a sovereign and equal state in a personal union of shared monarch with Denmark. This union is a relatively less discussed but important contribution to historical learning for the future Danish-North Atlantic relationship.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Cultural and Social History on 13 Apr 2019, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/ https://doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2019.1595871 . ; This article combines History (the discipline) research with Inter national Relations (sub-discipline of Political Science, my point of departure) for transnational studies research on long-term develop- ments of transnational professional relations between the USA/ Europe and the Middle East and East Asia through missionary uni- versities. American Protestant and French Catholic missionaries were important transnational intellectuals and professionals who founded universities in the late 1800s and early 1900s. These universities continue to educate generations of transnational professionals. The article seeks to contribute in particular to the transnational studies dimension of International Relations drawing on educational, social and cultural history.

This article appeared in Strategic Insights, v.9, issue 2 (Fall 2010) pp. 26-52 ; Security policy in the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland has historically taken place in a nexus of structural, environmental, and political conditions which pose particular challenges for such policy, a situation that continues and which will continue to take place. This article examines these conditions for broad security policy-making and implementation in the region in a historical, current and future perspective. It shows how these three societies have historically addressed and currently address security policy, where the experience of Iceland as the only fully independent state is enlightening. On this basis, the article discusses how these societies can address future developments with regard to climate change and increased self-government in the case of the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which is a central, but often overlooked, political development in the region. Security policy here is conceived broadly as covering the exercise of sovereignty, participation in international security orders such as NATO, well-grounded and researched debate and policy-making, law enforcement, intelligence, civil defense, marine resource management, environmental protection, provision of search and rescue, air and sea surveillance, among other issues. This article identifies structural, environmental, and political conditions as well as public administration and finance challenges for security policy in section two Conditions and Challenges for Security Policy in the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. The conditions are: microstates with very limited absolute capabilities, but responsibilities over vast strategically important air and sea spaces; Arctic and Subarctic climatic and geographic conditions, including climate change which affects political and economic conditions and in turn increases strategic interest and pressure on the region; the geopolitical role of the region, including short-term political changes such as the U.S. withdrawal from the Keflavik base and long-term political changes, such as increasing Faroese and Greenlandic self-government and possible eventual independence from the Kingdom of Denmark.

The editorial introduction of the new Editor-in-Chief, Rasmus Gjedsso Bertelsen, praises the work of outgoing editor Roxane Farmanfarmaian, & pledges to continue the journals focus on debating issues of international affairs from a multidisciplinary perspective. Key questions addressed in this issue are organized around two themes: 1) Non-governmental Organizations & International Norm Transmission on the Fault Lines of the International Order; & 2) Economic & Social Dimension of US Foreign Policy: The Challenge of Europe & Multilateralism. A new section, book review forum, will present debates between authors, editors, & reviewers about one or more books.

Introduces a special issue on the Atlantic alliance, focusing on the US, UK, France, and Germany.