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International audience ; During the 90's, Israel and the Palestinians were unable to reach a Peace agreement and this unsuccessful period led to the production of a new Israeli ethnoscape. With a more and more frequent closures of the borders of Israel (in its pre-1967 limits) to the Palestinians workers, the Israeli government had to authorize the entrance of Foreign workers from Eastern Europe (Romania, Poland) but also from Asia (Thailand, the Philippines). With the fear of their "settlement", these new "faces" of Israel gradually caused a debate in which were underlined the social cleavages of Israel. This debate took all the more importance that to the first non Jewish immigrants were added those from West Africa and South America (pushed to Israel by the globalization). These regular and irregular immigrations raised the question of the Jewish identity of the State and in the same time have drawn the limits of an Israeli cosmopolitanism. With the example of Israel, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the forms of emergence of "new cosmopolitanisms" and to propose some critics on a concept elaborated to describe the tension existing between national discourse and globalisation.

International audience ; The Return of the number : permanences and limits of the Israeli territorial strategy. After having hoped so much in the Declaration of Principles (Oslo 1- 1993), the Nineties have been closed on the sentiment that the Peace process was in a deadlock. This statement was confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising -the Intifada Al Aqsa- and, on the Israeli side, by resorting to massive military actions. The successive failures of the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) resulted in to replace the number in a key position in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. This is this re-emergence of the demographic question, which had lost its key position during the Nineties that this article proposes to analyse for better seizing the reality of the territorial strategy of Israel. ; Après avoir tant espéré dans la Déclaration de principes d'Oslo (1993), les années quatre-vingt dix se sont refermées sur une situation d'enlisement du processus de paix qu'est venue confirmer le second soulèvement palestinien - l'Intifada Al Aqsa-- et le recours à des actions militaires de plus en plus massives du coté israélien. Les échecs successifs des négociations (à Camp David, 2000, à Taba, 2001) ont eu pour conséquences de replacer le nombre au coeur du conflit israélo-palestinien. C'est ce recentrage sur la donne démographique, qui avait perdu de sa centralité lors des années quatre-vingt dix, que cet article tente d'analyser pour mieux saisir la réalité de la stratégie territoriale d'Israël.

Die Zahl palästinensischer Arbeitskräfte in Israel hat sich in der Folge immer weiter abnehmender Friedenshoffnungen deutlich verringert. Außer legalen Immigranten sind nicht-jüdische Arbeiter ins Land gekommen; das Land ist mittlerweile in das globale Netzwerk internationaler Migrantenströme eingebunden. Die Zahl legaler und illegaler ausländischer Arbeitskräfte wird auf 300 000 geschätzt. Über die Frage, wie diese im Judenstaat Wurzeln schlagen können oder sollten, ist eine Debatte entbrannt. Sie betrifft das Selbstverständnis und die nationale Identität des Staates und seiner Bürger. (DÜI-Sbd)

After having so much hoped in the Oslo Declaration of Principles (1993), the 1980s ended up with a stalemate in the peace process confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising — the Intifada Al Aqsa- and the use of increasingly massive military actions on the Israeli side. Successive failures in the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) have the effect of putting the number back at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was this refocusing on the demographic situation, which had lost its centrality in the 1980s, which this article tries to analyse in order to better understand the reality of Israel's territorial strategy. ; International audience The Return of the number : permanences and limits of the Israeli territorial strategy. After having hoped so much in the Declaration of Principles (Oslo 1- 1993), the Nineties have been closed on the sentiment that the Peace process was in a deadlock. This statement was confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising -the Intifada Al Aqsa- and, on the Israeli side, by resorting to massive military actions. The successive failures of the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) resulted in to replace the number in a key position in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. This is this re-emergence of the demographic question, which had lost its key position during the Nineties that this article proposes to analyse for better seizing the reality of the territorial strategy of Israel. ; After having so much hoped in the Oslo Declaration of Principles (1993), the 1980s ended up with a stalemate in the peace process confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising — the Intifada Al Aqsa- and the use of increasingly massive military actions on the Israeli side. Successive failures in the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) have the effect of putting the number back at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was this refocusing on the demographic situation, which had lost its centrality in the 1980s, which this article tries to analyse in order to ...

Avec le retour en nombre des juifs d ex-URSS et d'Ethiopie, Israël a dû réapprendre à être un pays d'accueil. Leur intégration s'est avérée un processus laborieux et a suscité des réticences de la part des "anciens immigrants", ainsi qu'une communautarisation croissante des rapports sociaux particulièrement visible dans la vie politique. Mais l'Etat d'Israël ne serait-il pas , peut-être par le biais de cette ethnicisation , en train de se constituer enfin en tant que société plurielle ?

The Migration of the Jews from the Former Soviet Union: A New Challenge for Israel?
William BERTHOMIERE
This article is a contribution to the knowledge on the migratory results stemming from the collapse of the communist bloc. Since 1989, more than half a million Jews have left the former Soviet Union for Israel. Thus, the Jewish state has become one of the major countries who have felt the effects of this important geopolitical event. So, in this contribution, we will try to expose, with the first results of research, the patterns of this migration and to answer the inherent questions in this kind of problematic: who are these migrants and what are theirs motives?, and what are the effects of this migration for this area so tormented and debated, the state of Israel