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The article aims to describe the regional security challenges and major threats for India in South Asia. Since 1947, India has been suffering from external security threats such as a form of proxy warfare and terrorism from neighbouring countries. To this purpose, the article also examines recurring issues where India has major border issues with China in the Himalayan terrain to the Eastern region. India has been facing bigger security threats from China and Pakistan in the South Asia region. This article looks at defence cooperation between India and France through the prism of India's serious security threats in the South Asian region. India's soft power policy is reflected in a neo-realist approach and expanded by its long-standing defence cooperation with France. Therefore, India has been receiving support from the French government whenever the country needs defence equipment and other assistance. The article uses case studies and discourse analysis methods to answer the questions and draw the main findings and conclusions of the study. Finally, as a result of the study, India's serious security threats in the South Asian region are pushing the country to purchase defence equipment from France. The relationship between India and France is strengthening bilateral cooperation at a broader level and shaping a strong strategic partnership by uniting in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific as well.

The purpose of this article is to describe China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in South Asia. This study also assesses China's deeper economic cooperation with India's neighbouring countries in light of BRI projects in the region. Further, this article looks towards India's position with South Asian countries to counter China's aggressiveness towards the region. India had refused to join as a partner country of China's BRI initiative from South Asia. Similarly, India launched the 'Neighbourhood-First Policy' to strengthen its political and economic cooperation with South Asian countries to counter China's geopolitical and geostrategic agenda. China's policy 'encircling India' and 'Strings of Pearls' theory working in the South Asia region have been threatening India in the context of BRI expansion in the region. India has deep observations against China's BRI project that is crossing from the disputed territory of India between Pakistan from Kashmir's Gilgit–Baltistan region (Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir). In light of the abovementioned causes, this article elucidates principal conflict zones between India and China in the context of South Asia for economic and political connectivity with the subcontinent countries.

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has presented unprecedented health challenges, resulting in complete restrictions on lives across the world. This research assesses spiritual care as an essential component of comprehensive health management, particularly in terms of adaptation, acceptance of illness, suffering, and, ultimately, of death. This article provides information on the need to provide spiritual care as a means of coping and wellbeing for families, patients, and health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research examined how the Indian people understood the Indian Prime Minister's announcement to adopt a ritual belief in this pandemic. The research questions examine how the pandemic has disrupted religious observances and how people changed their performance of ritual work in fear of the coronavirus. The authors found that, while people were spiritually motivated by the Prime Minister's appeal, the mass vaccination program was the solution to the pandemic, and was the primary factor decreasing new cases.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the article is to define the conceptual framework of the contemporary governmental system and its style of functionality to strengthen democratic values, norms, and the rule of law. The purpose of the article is to elaborate governance that shares state power to facilitate the democratic rights of the people in the contemporary world.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This article aims to analyse the power and governance in the current structure of democracy. The article evaluates the dynamics of contemporary democracy and how the government shapes the power for better governance. Future research highlights the conceptual framework of the qualitative approach and relies on discourse analysis to find out the outcomes of this study. The study uses a theoretical approach to examine contemporary governance, different approaches and how to build socio-political cooperation.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: It discusses various aspects of modern democracy in the context of the governability of those who hold power. Furthermore, the article argues how the states are shaping modern democracy. How a new political order pioneers the norms of the state through its governance. What is the legitimate principle of the work for the new political order?
RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result, the article tries to find out that modern democracy is running under a populist government in various countries in the world. The emergence of ultra-right-wing power groups diminished the norms of liberal democracy.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article highlights the points as a conclusion of democracy facing many challenges in the new populist governance worldwide. The contemporary global communities are trying to make governance for peace, prosperity, and respect for the humanities but and on the other hand, international communities are failed in some places i. e. Afghanistan.

The objective of this research is to assess the defence partnership of Russia and China after the Cold War period. This study analyses the military cooperation and strategic relation of Russia and China in the post-Cold War period. Further, the article highlights the main contradicting areas between the United States of America (USA) and the Russia-China alliance in international politics. It also elucidates the Russia-China relationship across the diplomatic paradigm and economic aspects in the global economic system. China's flagship economic New Silk Road Initiative is a challenging concept for the US on land and maritime across the world. Thus, the study uses the research question: how do China and Russia compete with the US challenges in the new world order? The qualitative comparative method is used to investigate answers to the research questions and objectives of this study. This article attempts to use an analytical framework to describe the countries' vision for joint development in the area of security issues. Russia and China have deep military cooperation and commit to working together against the US domination in the Asia Pacific and other parts of the world. In a conclusion it is stated that Russia and China have been accelerating bilateral military cooperation in a positive direction, which is a success story between both countries, and the US is facing stiff competition in Asia as well as in the Asia Pacific Region (APR).

The political development of Romania started after the death of Nicole Ceausescu in 1989. The article describes and analyses institutional and behavioural dynamics of the political processes that have occurred in Romania since 1989. This article focuses on the constitutional framework of governing institutions. This paper tries to explore the understanding of theoretical approaches to political and institutional development in the country. It examines the evolution of legislative, executive, and judiciary bodies. These are the three pillars of democracy. The article discusses how political parties participating in elections, form a government and will look at the stability of the institutions. This article examines institutional foundations of the coalition government in the 1990–2020 post-communist democracy period in Romania. The article starts with the institutional framework premise that electoral systems and constitutional provisions on the division of powers, structure, and the relationship between parliament and the president determines the point at which political power can be dispersed or concentrated in the political system.

Purpose: the aim of the article is to present the institutional development and democratic setup which has been started to move forward towards economic development and the formation of welfare programmes for human development after the demise of Communist rule.
Design/Method/Approach: The article analyses how the countries had changed their policy to tie up with the European Union. Furthermore, the article discusses the Romanian political transformation and political transitions in the country after the regime changed in late 1989. The article asses the role of external actors to promote the establishment of democratic institutions. The case study method is driven by EU to strengthen the process of democratisation and political-institutional reformation according to Copenhagen criteria.
Findings: The result of the article is that what extent the democratisation process has been successful ever inclusion to the European Union.
Paper type: theoretical.

The political development of Romania started after the death of Nicole Ceausescu in 1989. The article describes and analyses institutional and behavioural dynamics of the political processes that have occurred in Romania since 1989. This article focuses on the constitutional framework of governing institutions. This paper tries to explore the understanding of theoretical approaches to political and institutional development in the country. It examines the evolution of legislative, executive, and judiciary bodies. These are the three pillars of democracy. The article discusses how political parties participating in elections, form a government and will look at the stability of the institutions. This article examines institutional foundations of the coalition government in the 1990–2020 post-communist democracy period in Romania. The article starts with the institutional framework premise that electoral systems and constitutional provisions on the division of powers, structure, and the relationship between parliament and the president determines the point at which political power can be dispersed or concentrated in the political system. ; Przemiany polityczne w Rumunii zapoczątkowane w 1989 roku, po śmierci Nicole Ceausescu. Artykuł opisuje i analizuje dynamikę zmian instytucjonalnych i zachowań w procesach politycznych zachodzących w Rumunii po 1989 r. Artykuł koncentruje się na ramach konstytucyjnych najważniejszych instytucji. Autor analizuje rozumienie podejść teoretycznych do zmian politycznych i instytucjonalnych w kraju, a także ewolucję organów ustawodawczych, wykonawczych i sądownictwa – trzech filarów demokracji. Artykuł prezentuje jak partie polityczne uczestniczące w wyborach tworzą rząd i omawia stabilność instytucji. Artykuł analizuje podstawy instytucjonalne koalicji rządowej w latach 1990–2020 w okresie post-komunistycznej demokracji w Rumunii. Artykuł zaczyna się od przedstawienia założenia ram instytucjonalnych, iż systemy wyborcze oraz zapisy konstytucji dotyczące podziału władzy, struktury i ...

The purpose of the study is the structure of political parties and comparative analysis of the party system in the Republic of India. The objective of the research is to investigate the functioning of the parties, power structure, dynamics and their role in forming the government at the centre and state levels in the country. In addition, the study analyses the approaches of the parties as an actor to make a coalition government in various provincial governments. The research used comparative method analysis to achieve the purpose of this study and describe the source methods for testing the research objectives. The study finds the comprehensive relevance of parties' role in the Indian political system. Finally, the result of the article finds as a conclusion that the multi-party system provides multiple opportunities for people to participate in the democratic process in India. ; Celem opracowania jest struktura partii politycznych oraz analiza porównawcza systemu partyjnego w Republice Indii. Celem pracy jest zbadanie funkcjonowania partii, struktury władzy, dynamiki oraz ich roli w tworzeniu rządu na szczeblu centralnym i stanowym w kraju. Ponadto w opracowaniu przeanalizowano podejście partii jako podmiotu tworzącego rząd koalicyjny w różnych rządach prowincjonalnych. W badaniu zastosowano analizę metodą porównawczą, aby osiągnąć cel niniejszego opracowania, oraz opisano metody źródłowe służące sprawdzeniu celów badawczych. Badanie wykazało wszechstronne znaczenie roli partii w indyjskim systemie politycznym. Wreszcie, w wyniku artykułu stwierdzono, że system wielopartyjny zapewnia ludziom wiele możliwości uczestniczenia w procesie demokratycznym w Indiach.

The political development of Romania started after the death of Nicole Ceausescu in 1989. The article describes and analyses institutional and behavioural dynamics of the political processes that have occurred in Romania since 1989. This article focuses on the constitutional framework of governing institutions. This paper tries to explore the understanding of theoretical approaches to political and institutional development in the country. It examines the evolution of legislative, executive, and judiciary bodies. These are the three pillars of democracy. The article discusses how political parties participating in elections, form a government and will look at the stability of the institutions. This article examines institutional foundations of the coalition government in the 1990–2020 post-communist democracy period in Romania. The article starts with the institutional framework premise that electoral systems and constitutional provisions on the division of powers, structure, and the relationship between parliament and the president determines the point at which political power can be dispersed or concentrated in the political system. ; Przemiany polityczne w Rumunii zapoczątkowane w 1989 roku, po śmierci Nicole Ceausescu. Artykuł opisuje i analizuje dynamikę zmian instytucjonalnych i zachowań w procesach politycznych zachodzących w Rumunii po 1989 r. Artykuł koncentruje się na ramach konstytucyjnych najważniejszych instytucji. Autor analizuje rozumienie podejść teoretycznych do zmian politycznych i instytucjonalnych w kraju, a także ewolucję organów ustawodawczych, wykonawczych i sądownictwa – trzech filarów demokracji. Artykuł prezentuje jak partie polityczne uczestniczące w wyborach tworzą rząd i omawia stabilność instytucji. Artykuł analizuje podstawy instytucjonalne koalicji rządowej w latach 1990–2020 w okresie post-komunistycznej demokracji w Rumunii. Artykuł zaczyna się od przedstawienia założenia ram instytucjonalnych, iż systemy wyborcze oraz zapisy konstytucji dotyczące podziału władzy, struktury i ...

The purpose of the study is the structure of political parties and comparative analysis of the party system in the Republic of India. The objective of the research is to investigate the functioning of the parties, power structure, dynamics and their role in forming the government at the centre and state levels in the country. In addition, the study analyses the approaches of the parties as an actor to make a coalition government in various provincial governments. The research used comparative method analysis to achieve the purpose of this study and describe the source methods for testing the research objectives. The study finds the comprehensive relevance of parties' role in the Indian political system. Finally, the result of the article finds as a conclusion that the multi-party system provides multiple opportunities for people to participate in the democratic process in India. ; Celem opracowania jest struktura partii politycznych oraz analiza porównawcza systemu partyjnego w Republice Indii. Celem pracy jest zbadanie funkcjonowania partii, struktury władzy, dynamiki oraz ich roli w tworzeniu rządu na szczeblu centralnym i stanowym w kraju. Ponadto w opracowaniu przeanalizowano podejście partii jako podmiotu tworzącego rząd koalicyjny w różnych rządach prowincjonalnych. W badaniu zastosowano analizę metodą porównawczą, aby osiągnąć cel niniejszego opracowania, oraz opisano metody źródłowe służące sprawdzeniu celów badawczych. Badanie wykazało wszechstronne znaczenie roli partii w indyjskim systemie politycznym. Wreszcie, w wyniku artykułu stwierdzono, że system wielopartyjny zapewnia ludziom wiele możliwości uczestniczenia w procesie demokratycznym w Indiach.

Initially, in the first half of the 1990s, Russia's plans to include the countries of the former Eastern bloc within the EU were not seen as a threat to its interests. Furthermore, in the context of NATO's enlargement, some Russians regarded them as an advantageous alternative. Russia is aware that the EU enlargement with the Central and Eastern European states resulted in a present increase in the number of EU members supporting close trans-Atlantic relations. Moscow's fears of further EU enlargement were softened due to a dispute that continues to grow within the Union, regarding the rationale and limits of further enlargement, primarily for the Balkan states, Turkey, and the CIS states. Moscow expects that the reluctance of European societies towards further enlargement will inhibit this process.
The external relations dimension of the European Union's enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe has received surprisingly little attention despite the fact that in the long‐term the issues it raises may be far more important than those currently dominating the debate. Nowhere is this more likely to be correct than about Russia, for which the EU's enlargement poses a risk of increasing isolation from the rest of Europe. The danger of creating a new dividing line across Europe is widely recognised, and the challenge, therefore, is to find ways of ensuring that Russia can be fully integrated with Europe while almost certainly remaining outside the EU Itself. This article focuses on relations between the EU and Russia and addresses three fundamental questions: how Russia has responded to the prospect of the EU's eastern enlargement; the specific issues arising from expansion, and the kind of long‐term relationship that could develop between Russia and an enlarged EU.