Recent research investigating self-judgment has shown that people are more likely to base their evaluations of self on agency-related traits than communion-related traits. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that agency-related traits dominate self-evaluation by expanding the purview of the fundamental dimensions to consider characteristics typically studied in the gender-role literature, but that nevertheless should be related to agency and communion. Further, we carried out these tests on two samples from China, a cultural context that, relative to many Western countries, emphasizes the interpersonal or communion dimension. Despite the differences in traits used and cultural samples studied, the findings generally supported the agency dominates self-esteem perspective, albeit with some additional findings in Study 2. The findings are discussed with regard to the influence of social norms and the types of inferences people are able to draw about themselves given such norms.
In: Kosakowska-Berezecka , N , Besta , T , Bosson , J K , Jurek , P , Vandello , J A , Best , D L , Wlodarczyk , A , Safdar , S , Zawisza , M , Zadkowska , M , Sobiecki , J , Agyemang , C B , Akbas , G , Ammirati , S , Anderson , J , Anjum , G , Aruta , J J B R , Ashraf , M , Bakaityte , A , Bi , C , Becker , M , Bender , M , Berxulli , D , Bosak , J , Daalmans , S , Dandy , J , de Lemus , S , Dvorianchikov , N , Etchezahar , E , Froehlich , L , Gavreliuc , A , Gavreliuc , D , Gomez , A , Greijdanus , H , Grigoryan , A , Hale , M-L , Hamer , H , Hoorens , V , Hutchings , P B , Jensen , D H , Kelmendi , K , Khachatryan , N , Kinahan , M , Kozlowski , D , Lauri , M A , Li , J , Maitner , A T , Makashvili , A , Mancini , T , Martiny , S E , Dordevic , J M , Moreno-Bella , E , Moscatelli , S , Moynihan , A B , Muller , D , Ochoa , D , Adebayo , S O , Pacilli , M G , Palacio , J , Patnaik , S , Pavlopoulos , V , Piterova , I , Puzio , A , Pyrkosz-Pacyna , J , Renteria-Perez , E , Rousseaux , T , Sainz , M , Salvati , M , Samekin , A , Garcia-Sanchez , E , Schindler , S , Sherbaji , S , Sobhie , R , Sulejmanovic , D , Sullivan , K E , Torre , B , Torres , C , Ungaretti , J , Valshtein , T , Van Laar , C , van der Noll , J , Vasiutynskyi , V , Vohra , N , Zapata-Calvente , A L & Zukauskiene , R 2020 , ' Country-level and individual-level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries ' , European Journal of Social Psychology , vol. 50 , no. 6 , pp. 1276-1291 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,734 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
In: Kosakowska-Berezecka , N , Besta , T , Bosson , J K , Jurek , P , Vandello , J A , Best , D L , Wlodarczyk , A , Safdar , S , Zawisza , M , Zadkowska , M , Sobiecki , J , Agyemang , C B , Akbas , G , Ammirati , S , Anderson , J , Anjum , G , Aruta , J J B R , Ashraf , M , Bakaityte , A , Bi , C , Becker , M , Bender , M , Berxulli , D , Bosak , J , Daalmans , S , Dandy , J , de Lemus , S , Dvorianchikov , N , Etchezahar , E , Froehlich , L , Gavreliuc , A , Gavreliuc , D , Gomez , A , Greijdanus , H , Grigoryan , A , Hale , M-L , Hamer , H , Hoorens , V , Hutchings , P B , Jensen , D H , Kelmendi , K , Khachatryan , N , Kinahan , M , Kozlowski , D , Lauri , M A , Li , J , Maitner , A T , Makashvili , A , Mancini , T , Martiny , S E , Dordevic , J M , Moreno-Bella , E , Moscatelli , S , Moynihan , A B , Muller , D , Ochoa , D , Adebayo , S O , Pacilli , M G , Palacio , J , Patnaik , S , Pavlopoulos , V , Piterova , I , Puzio , A , Pyrkosz-Pacyna , J , Renteria-Perez , E , Rousseaux , T , Sainz , M , Salvati , M , Samekin , A , Garcia-Sanchez , E , Schindler , S , Sherbaji , S , Sobhie , R , Sulejmanovic , D , Sullivan , K E , Torre , B , Torres , C , Ungaretti , J , Valshtein , T , Van Laar , C , van der Noll , J , Vasiutynskyi , V , Vohra , N , Zapata-Calvente , A L & Zukauskiene , R 2020 , ' Country-level and Individual-level Predictors of Men's Support for Gender Equality in 42 Countries ' , European Journal of Social Psychology , vol. 50 , no. 6 , pp. 1276-1291 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696 ; ISSN:0046-2772
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,734 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.