Suchergebnisse

Nel diritto canonico classico, la necessità di evitare scandali nelle comunità e, dunque, di scongiurare turbamenti dell'ordine sociale giustificò la disapplicazione di norme giuridiche. Con riguardo alla consuetudine, la regola fu declinata, in base alle contingenze politiche e religiose, per riconoscere ovvero negare efficacia alle norme consuetudinarie, adottando soluzioni diverse per acquisire il consenso della società: occorreva, infatti, tenere conto tanto della volontà popolare manifestata nell'adesione agli usi quanto della coscienza sociale espressa nella reazione all'applicazione o alla mancata applicazione di essi. Innocenzo III contribuì a definire la rilevanza giuridica della nozione di scandalo, ora estirpando le consuetudini contrarie agli usi della Chiesa romana che più rischiavano di frammentare l'unità della fede, ora garantendo il rispetto dei riti a cui le popolazioni mostravano maggiore attaccamento, attraverso il principio per cui occorreva evitare a tutti i costi manifestazioni di dissenso o opposizione nella comunità cristiana. La politica di Innocenzo III sollecitò, su tale punto, le riflessioni della scienza giuridica canonistica: le sue decretali e le costituzioni del quarto concilio lateranense furono, infatti, utilizzate nel periodo del grande scisma, per argomentare la necessità di mantenere l'unità all'interno della Chiesa, pur nel rispetto dei diversi riti religiosi. ; According to medieval canon law, legal rules could be waived, thus avoiding any scandals and therefore preventing a motive for public discord. As regards the custom, this principle was shaped according to the religious and political contingencies, in order to recognize or deny any effects to customary rules. Different solutions were adopted with a view to maintaining social support towards the institutions: it was necessary to take into account both the popular spirit expressed abiding by the customs and the reactions of public opinion to the application or non-application of them. Innocent III helped to figure out the legal relevance of scandals, through the principle that it was essential to avoid at all costs dissents or oppositions in the Christian community: sometimes he uprooted the customs contrary to that of the Roman Church, which were considered dangerous to the unity of faith; other times he secured the application of the rites to which the population showed the greatest attachment. The policy of Innocent III urged, on this point, the remarks of the canonical doctrine: his decretals and the fourth Lateran council constitutions were utilized in the period of the great schism, in order to balance out the need both to maintain the unity within the Church and to respect the different ceremonial practices. ; Ciencias Religiosas ; Derecho

Il tema dell'eccessiva durata dei processi e delle sue conseguenze pregiudizievoli sull'effettività della tutela giudiziaria rappresenta, da sempre, uno dei principali nodi del rapporto tra giustizia e opinione pubblica.Sin dall'unificazione italiana, la questione è stata affrontata per lo più sul piano delle riforme del processo e dell'ordinamento giudiziario, senza, tuttavia, la predisposizione di adeguati interventi in grado di incidere sull'organizzazione delle strutture e del personale. Se soltanto di recente il nostro ordinamento ha approntato strumenti di tutela diretta al principio della ragionevole durata del processo, formalizzato nell'art. 111 Cost., la responsabilità disciplinare dei magistrati per ritardo nel deposito dei provvedimenti ha rappresentato, sin dall'inizio del Novecento, uno degli strumenti principali non solo per reprimere gli episodi più gravi (oggi determinanti addirittura un danno erariale da disservizio), ma anche per restituire credibilità alla funzione giudiziaria, nell'ambito delle complesse dinamiche relative al rapporto tra magistratura e società.Lo studio mira a valutare se, in assenza di idonei strumenti normativi volti ad evitare o quantomeno a contenere il fenomeno della lunghezza dei procedimenti, gli interventi della giurisprudenza, prima, della Suprema corte disciplinare e, dopo, della Sezione disciplinare del Consiglio superiore della magistratura, chiamate a sanzionare gli illeciti dei singoli magistrati, siano stati in grado, nella difficoltà di trovare un equilibrio tra standard di rendimento e carichi esigibili, di rispondere in maniera soddisfacente al contenimento dei tempi del processo e alla riduzione dell'arretrato, obiettivi tra i principali del PNRR. ; The matter on the excessive duration of the judicial processes and its damaging consequences about the effects of the legal protection has always been one of the main issues in the relationship between justice and public opinion.Since the Italian unification, the problem has been mainly considered from the point of view of both judicial process reforms and judicial system reforms, without, however, providing adequate means to affect the organization of the structure and the personnel.It is just a short time since our legal system provided protection resources based on the principle of a fair duration of the judicial process, established in Article 111 of the Constitution. Whereas, since the beginning of the twentieth century, the disciplinary liability of judges, due to the delay in filing judicial orders, has represented one of the main resource not only to contain the most serious events (nowadays they cause even fiscal damage by disservice) but also to restore credibility in the judicial activity for the complicated dynamics related to the relationship between judiciary and society.Both the matters on the disciplinary liability of judges and the judiciary independence are interwoven in Italian history after unification and they had to find a delicate equilibrium.If during the liberal age and the Fascism, the disciplinary liability – according to the nineteenth-century model of the judge as an officer integrated in the state apparatus – allowed the control over judges – which was largely guaranteed, directly or not, by the executive power –, in republican Italy, instead, it fulfilled the aim to ensure the regular execution of the judicial activity thanks to a self-government system and to a different judge' role inside the judicial system.The disciplinary bodies that were called to evaluate the judges' conduct – the Supreme Disciplinary Court before and then after the year 1958 the Disciplinary Division of the Superior Council of the Judiciary – have realized a balance between the requests for reducing the long time frames in justice and the need to protect the prestige of judges.Referring to the case law of the Disciplinary Division of the Superior Council of the Judiciary, the Castelli reform introduced a standardization of disciplinary wrong, including the delay in filing judicial orders. It is regulated by art. 2 paragraph 1 letter q, of Legislative Decree of 23 february 2006 no. 109, and in accordance with it, the «repeated, serious and unjustified delay to carry out the job in the exercise of their duties» constitutes a wrong; «it is supposed that a delay is not serious when it does not exceed three times the period provided for by the law to carry out the job, except it may be proved otherwise».Such prediction represents already an improvement over the last years, where the disciplinary judge – in the absence of a rule considering the conduct of the 'idle' judge as a particular illegal case – could punish the most striking cases in a discretionary and variable manner, and not without contradiction. So these cases showed a clear violation by the judge who was blamed for a lack of diligence and his negligence was often accompanied by a complaint from the lawyers.At present in accordance with the provisions, three different and concurrent conditions must exist for the delay to be illegal: reiteration, seriousness of the delay and a lack of justification. These conditions (that are here studied according to the case law) are therefore all essential for the punishment of the delays. This study aims to determine if the case law measures, in the absence of suitable regulatory means for avoiding or at least containing the phenomenon of the slowness of proceedings, firstly, by the Supreme Disciplinary Court and, later, by the Disciplinary Division of the Superior Council of the Judiciary which had to punish the wrong of each judge, have been able to find a difficult balance between the standards of performance and a bearable workload. Furthermore if they were able to contain satisfactorily both the judicial process time and the delays, which are some of the main goals of the National Recovery Plan and Resilience.