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ABSTRACTWe discuss historic trends in large metropolitan areas in Brazil showing that manufacturing has decreased its share in the country but the movement was, in general, more intense in large metropolitan areas and particularly in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). This movement was more intense in the 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s. From mid 1990s up to the end of the 2000s, the manufacturing share trend became flat. We speculate that the first period reflects the exhaustion of the process of import substitution that took place in the previous three decades (1950 to 1980). The second period, from 1993 to 2009, is representative of a new model of growth and the evidence that manufacturing share became flat is reinforcing the idea of a new period in terms of manufacturing employment. While concentration has risen from 1996 to 2005, it decreased again in the second half of the first decade of the 2000s. The SPMA reinvented itself very quickly from late 1970s to mid-2000s.

Anders als in anderen lateinamerikanischen Staaten haben sich brasilianische Wirtschaftswissenschaftler bei der direkten Anwendung ihrer Theorien in der Praxis hervorgetan. Dies wird dadurch erklärt, daß sie in Brasilien oft auch öffentliche Ämter wahrgenommen haben und so die Grenzen zwischen universitärer Forschung und Regierungsaktivitäten verwischt wurden. Zwischen 1930 und 1964 ist bei den brasilianischen Wirtschaftstheorien eine Vorherrschaft der Entwicklungsideen zu beobachten. Mit dem Beginn der Militärdiktatur und der Aussetzung des Demokratisierungsprozesses fanden im ökonomischen Bereich große Veränderungen statt. Die Regierung schaffte Voraussetzungen zur Anregung privater Ersparnisse und führte eine Währungskorrektur in der Wirtschaft ein, die die zeitweise schädlichen Auswirkungen der Inflation ein wenig neutralisierte. Die allmähliche Lockerung des Machtmißbrauchs und die politische Öffnung machte die Wirtschaftspolitik anfälliger für oppositionelle Einstellungen. Die vom letzten Militärregime übernommene Politik der Anpassung erwies sich als Katastrophe. (prk)

Local economies within a country differ substantially in their economic performance and such differences might persist over long periods of time. Increasing concern with regional disparities and poverty levels have prompted a growing interest in understanding factors giving some places better conditions for enhancing performance and overcoming development challenges. In particular, researchers and policy makers have been trying to investigate the potential roles of public policy at local level. Here, the key question relates to the capability of local governments in significantly impacting their realities despite their historic, economic, social and geographical constraints. The central aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the factors influencing local development across Brazilian municipalities, emphasizing the role of local public policy. To do that we adopt spatial econometric models inspired by growth theory and by some recent development of spatial economics. Our results contribute to the identification of determinants of local economic development measured by three variables, namely employment change, income per capita change and the change in the population below the poverty line. From the empirical estimates evidence is provided regarding the factors suggested by the recent literature on growth, development and spatial economics.

O Brasil se caracteriza por elevados patamares de desigualdades nos rendimentos entre negros e brancos, homens e mulheres. Para analisar com medidas robustas o nível de discriminação prevalecente no mercado de trabalho procuramos, neste texto, controlar os efeitos de atributos individuais (como escolaridade e idade) e de características dos espaços de trabalho (como formalização da relação de trabalho, região geográfica e posição na hierarquia de ocupações). A partir da comparação entre duas bases de microdados da PNAD - Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, relativas aos anos de 1989 e 1999, foi possível avançar três ordens de resultados. Em primeiro lugar, que a discriminação no mercado, no que concerne às mulheres, é ainda mais elevada que aquela medida pelo simples hiato entre os seus rendimentos e aqueles auferidos pelos homens; já com respeito aos trabalhadores/as negros/as, o efeito líquido que poderia ser atribuído à discriminação salarial parece menos elevado, na medida em que outros fatores, por vezes ainda mais importantes, atuam simultaneamente, explicando as significativas diferenças salariais que os separam dos/das trabalhadores/as brancos/as. Em segundo lugar, observamos que a década de 1990 reduz a intensidade com que fatores ligados à discriminação de sexo e cor atuavam sobre tais desigualdades; entretanto, tal redução é ainda de pequena monta e se sustenta nas perdas importantes ocorridas no salário médio dos homens, notadamente brancos. Em terceiro lugar, quando observados ao longo das distintas posições na distribuição de renda, os determinantes da desigualdade variam em sua importância, e os fatores ligados à discriminação de sexo e cor mostram-se os mais decisivos, em especial entre as mulheres e negros que chegam a galgar posições no topo da hierarquia social.

This paper tests whether the Participatory Budget (OP) adopted by some municipalities in Brazil had any impact on the municipality efficiency or on income distribution using a quasi experimental approach. The results are mixed but they do show that OP municipalities may be deteriorating the quality of the health service delivery with no positive impact on the fiscal performance of the municipality. One explanatory hypothesis is that the program was dominated by groups of interest that are capturing more rent from the state than the former coalition. On the other hand there are some evidences of an improving in the efficiency of public education service what would confirm the alternative hypothesis that the OP broke the collusion between bureaucrats and the elite.

In recent years, four approaches about executive-legislative relations in Brazil have emerged: i) the perspective that points out limitations and constraints of multiparty presidential systems; ii) the building of government coalitions; iii) coalition management; and iv) the role played by institutions including the prerogatives of party leadership inside the House. In this paper, we review the literature on these approaches, offering a guide for studies about the Brazilian multiparty presidential system.

In recent years, four approaches about executive-legislative relations in Brazil have emerged: i) the perspective that points out limitations and constraints of multiparty presidential systems; ii) the building of government coalitions; iii) coalition management; and iv) the role played by institutions including the prerogatives of party leadership inside the House. In this paper, we review the literature on these approaches, offering a guide for studies about the Brazilian multiparty presidential system. (GIGA)

In recent years, four approaches about executive-legislative relations in Brazil have emerged: i) the perspective that points out limitations and constraints of multiparty presidential systems; ii) the building of government coalitions; iii) coalition management; and iv) the role played by institutions including the prerogatives of party leadership inside the House. In this paper, we review the literature on these approaches, offering a guide for studies about the Brazilian multiparty presidential system. Adapted from the source document.