Suchergebnisse

This is the first book to deal with one of the major issues in the Middle East - Boundary delimitation. Archive sources are used in order to present the hidden motives and activities, the people involved and the actual process itself.

24 cm ; Although Poland and Israel seem to be very far apart and different in size, history, and culture, there are a lot of similarities when it comes to the history of their international boundaries, the way the boundaries were created, those who established their boundaries, the aim of the location of the boundary lines, and the processes in which the boundaries were developed. Both countries were created by the international community (League of Nations and the United Nations) as nation states; both had large areas in the past but less land area in modern times. Both have two periods of boundary allocations in the modern era: after the first and the second World Wars. Both had been attacked after independence and enlarged their area by fighting the attackers. There are also some non-similarities between their boundaries. The major difference being that Poland's boundaries have remained stable since 1951 and almost nobody has asked for changes. Israel, on the other hand, still does not have permanent stable acceptance of boundaries by its inhabitants ; 24 cm ; Although Poland and Israel seem to be very far apart and different in size, history, and culture, there are a lot of similarities when it comes to the history of their international boundaries, the way the boundaries were created, those who established their boundaries, the aim of the location of the boundary lines, and the processes in which the boundaries were developed. Both countries were created by the international community (League of Nations and the United Nations) as nation states; both had large areas in the past but less land area in modern times. Both have two periods of boundary allocations in the modern era: after the first and the second World Wars. Both had been attacked after independence and enlarged their area by fighting the attackers. There are also some non-similarities between their boundaries. The major difference being that Poland's boundaries have remained stable since 1951 and almost nobody has asked for changes. Israel, on the other hand, still does not have permanent stable acceptance of boundaries by its inhabitants

Artykuł dotyczy relacji między granicami państwowymi i współczesnym zjawiskiem stawiania murów i ogrodzeń wzdłuż tych granic. W celu uniknięcia działań militarnych i terrorystycznych, nielegalnej imigracji, przemytu, zwłaszcza między krajami biednymi i bogatymi, zbudowano i nadal się buduje coraz więcej ogrodzeń. Badania przedstawiają kilka modeli wspartych badaniami przypadków takich relacji, tzn. ogrodzeń/murów tworzących granicę, jednostronnych ogrodzeń/murów wzdłuż istniejącej granicy, dwustronnych murów wzdłuż uznanych granic państwowych, murów wybudowanych wzdłuż części granicy międzynarodowej, tj. granicy częściowo ogrodzonej, murów miast oraz murów w rejonach spornych, nieposiadających oficjalnych granic państwowych. Z podsumowania artykułu wynika, że dopóki istnieją różnice pomiędzy krajami, ludzie będą z wielu powodów próbowali nielegalnie przekraczać granice, a ci, którzy próbują ich powstrzymać, będą budować coraz więcej ogrodzeń na całym świecie. ; This article deals with fences and walls built along international boundaries, especially by rich countries which try to prevent illegal entering. The article will present different types of fences, built for different needs. Case studies from all over the world will be presented in order to show that as long as there are so many differences between countries, people will try to cross the line and those who try to halt it, will continue to build fences along their boundaries.

Gaza Strip, a small area located in the South East shore of the Mediterranean sea in a unique political territorial entity which fro time to time catch the headline as rockets are sent from it to Israel and Israel retaliating by army force. It is part of the non - independence Palestinian Authority, not recognized as a separated area by no-one, behave independently toward the world. It was created by a series of political agreements, military activities, citizen wars, United Nation resolutions and agreements, more the 10 times during the last 100 years, and its future is still to be seen. ; Tomasz Wiskulski

The Israeli-Palestinian dispute is one of the major disputes in which, it seems, everybody "know" the basic facts and anyone who deals with it has a solution. Although we are dealing with a very recent dispute, which seems to take its first steps only about a hundred years ago, its routs goes back for thousands of years, going back to the first and second century A.D. ; Tomasz Wiskulski

Międzynarodowe granice na Bliskim Wschodzie ustalone zostały w XX w. za sprawą państw europejskich, wśród których prym wiodła Wielka Brytania. Przy wytyczaniu granic zostały uwzględnione więc przede wszystkim interesy kolonialne europejskich imperiów, natomiast pod uwagę nie wzięto w stopniu należytym pragnień i aspiracji żyjących na tym obszarze ludów. W zależności od lokalizacji, granice bliskowschodnie można podzielić na następujące: naturalne, biegnące wzdłuż dawnych granic administracyjnych Imperium Osmańskiego, oraz sztuczne, przybierające charakter linii prostych i nierespektujące uwarunkowań etnicznych. Bliski Wschód jest tym regionem świata, gdzie najpóźniej ustanowiono nowoczesne granice liniowe. Z tego powodu występują tam nadal spory w kwestii delimitacji tych granic. Szczególnie poważnym przypadkiem są granice Izraela. Tylko jedna z jego granic – z Egiptem – jest uzgodniona poprzez umowę międzynarodową, poza tym tylko dwa fragmenty granicy z Jordanią nie są kwestionowane. Toczone od pewnego czasu syryjsko-izraelskie rozmowy pokojowe, jak również rokowania pomiędzy Izraelem a Autonomią Palestyńską, zostały zawieszone właśnie z powodu niemożliwości rozwią- zania sporów granicznych. Autonomia Palestyńska nadal liczy na międzynarodowe uznanie jej granic, co stworzyłoby nowy układ geopolityczny na Bliskim Wschodzie. ; This article presents a complicated process of shaping national borders in the Middle East. The author demonstrates the fact that present political boundaries were established mainly by the European countries, with the United Kingdom leading the way. National desires, colonial aspirations, imperial needs, all led to the unrealistic picture of the boundaries in the Middle East. The author analyzes the boundaries fallen into the following categories: those in which natural features influenced their location, boundaries which run along old Ottoman Empire administrative boundaries in the form of straight lines, the lines which follow man-made features, and ethnic lines. The aim of this paper is to focus on one of the neglected factors which determine the exact location of international boundaries in the Middle East, namely village boundaries. The examples of Israel-Palest boundaries as well as the Syrian-Jordan boundary will be used to examine this phenomenon.

International boundaries are man made separation lines which divided between more then 200 different states which exist to day all over our globs. Anyhow, all of today's boundaries were created in the past; sometimes some years ago, sometimes some decades ago and some boundaries were even established some hundred years ago. By this, they are legitimate targets for historical geography research. ; Tomasz Wiskulski