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The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2∘C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5-2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5-2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures. ; We thank M. Khamla (CNRS) and S. Ghani (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) for help with artwork. This is a product of "The Oceans Solutions Initiative", an expert group supported by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Veolia Foundation, and the French Facility for Global Environment. AKM thanks the French Government for its support under the "Investissements d'avenir" programme, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-LABX-14-01). RB was supported by the RESCCUE project funded by the French Development Agency and the French Global Environment Facility (AFD CZZ 2205 01 W and FFEM CZZ 1667 01 H). WWLC acknowledges funding support from the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program. CMD participation was partly supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through baseline funding. JH was partly supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 642018 (GREEN-WIN project) and by the grant SEASCAPE from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the Special Priority Program (SPP)-1889 "Regional Sea Level Change and Society" (SeaLevel). EM was supported by the Nature Conservancy and the International Climate Initiative (IKI) funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. FM was partly supported by the US NSF (DEB-1212124 and OCE-1736830) and JJM by the Netherlands Earth System Science Center. The contents in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of the Pacific Community

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5-2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...

International audience ; Because drivers and pressures on biodiversity, societal expectations, and ecological knowledge evolve rapidly, biodiversity conservation policies need to adapt continuously. Anticipating such changes can however be difficult given the profusion and complexity of data and when signals indicating future risks and opportunities may be weak. To tackle this challenge, the French Environment ministry asked a research team at AgroParisTech to develop a new method for identifying emerging issues for biodiversity policies by 2020 in France (except for overseas territories). This project, called BioPIQuE 2013, involved both scientists and stakeholders in an interdisciplinary assessment. As a result, 25 emerging issues were identified, among which 10 issues were highlighted for their strategic interest. A majority of these issues are current trends not yet taken into account by biodiversity policies (such as "why do we have to and how can we improve our ability to restore – with ambitious biodiversity objectives – urbanised and highly degraded areas?"), and a few of them are weak signals (such as "how can we deal with trade-offs and conflicts between biodiversity policies and other environmental policies?"). All stakeholders, including researchers, NGOs, public administrations, private companies and politicians, can find in the results some inputs for developing their biodiversity conservation strategies. ; Dans un contexte en constante évolution, l'élaboration, la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des politiques publiques de biodiversité nécessitent d'anticiper les changements futurs possibles afin de pouvoir se préparer à temps. Or les informations concernant ces changements sont nombreuses et les enjeux qui pourraient s'avérer importants à l'avenir sont souvent peu visibles. Pour répondre à ce défi, une expertise multiacteurs et multidisciplinaire s'inspirant des démarches d'horizon scanning et intitulée BioPIQuE 2013 a permis d'identifier 25 questions émergentes, dont 10 questions stratégiques, ...