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This book identifies the main challenges to confronting global health (in)securities at three levels. First, at the level of zoonosis, to which HIV and Ebola, as well as H1Nn, MERS-CoV, and SARS belong, and which promise to continue to emerge. Second, at the level of the spread of these across bio-, ecological and political boundaries and borders, particularly nationally. These present challenges not only in terms of immunities, but also in terms of rights - who is eligible for treatment under whose responsibility? Finally, at the international level of global administration, presenting a challenge in terms of coordinated public health, legal, political, and economic response. The book develops coordinated policy recommendations for meeting these challenges in a globalized world, and examines the unique opportunities and challenges associated with the co-administration of the good of public health by both nation states and non-state actors. This book will be valuable read for students of Public Policy, Health Policy and Management, International Relations and Global Governance

This book does not seek to absolve the South African state of its responsibility to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Moreover, it argues that although the state, the government, before, during, and after the transition to democracy, was aware of and acknowledged the threat - political, economic and social - posed by the epidemic, it nonetheless chose not to make the epidemic a priority policy issue. As a result, it argues that the South African HIV/AIDS case illustrates the tension inherent between a state's ultimate sovereign responsibility to respond and its tactical dependence on external.

This STG Resilience Paper is part of the Commission Research Report and Interim Progress Report (June 2021) published by Reform for Resilience. ; There is a vital need to rethink human centric health resilience beyond borders. Inequities are being perpetuated and accentuated in the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. Inequalities – economic and health related – within and between countries are again increasing. Although complex, necessary policy change for building a resilient human and health security centric global health system demands: • A new definition of global health security;1 • A new perspective and policy paradigm pivoting from individual public health to global health security; based on: • First and foremost, equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics to infectious as well as chronic diseases – also anticipating the next pandemic; • Second, comprehensive and coordinated national and regional universal health care and health care coverage. The EU, and regional blocs such as the AU in Africa, have key roles to play in rethinking and enacting a renewed global health security for the 21st Century.

Stored food production is critical to food security. Food security refers to the physical availability of, the economic and physical access to, and the ability to utilize food (FAO, 2008, available at; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf). Stored food production is a vital link in that chain: enabling the protection of (surplus) harvest to be made available when needed. Indeed, the means of stored food production constitutes an incentive for (surplus) harvest itself. However, food, food security, and alongside both, food diplomacy are not only practical concerns and challenges but also political. Furthermore, the politics of food are intrinsically related to health security, water security, and climate security, issues with increasing effects across the globe if at different orders of magnitude. Food insecurity may be measured higher in arid regions without adequate water and harvests and storage, but it also exists in 'urban deserts' without affordable access to (fresh) produce. In this presentation, I outline a cartography to depict the interconnections between local and global food securities using the characterization of diplomacy of food and for food, and food science for diplomacy. The aim is to enhance exchange of ideas and experiences to benefit food security – and reduced waste – in both food secure and food insecure settings. ; Stored food production is critical to food security. Food security refers to the physical availability of, the economic and physical access to, and the ability to utilize food (FAO, 2008, available at; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf). Stored food production is a vital link in that chain: enabling the protection of (surplus) harvest to be made available when needed. Indeed, the means of stored food production constitutes an incentive for (surplus) harvest itself. However, food, food security, and alongside both, food diplomacy are not only practical concerns and challenges but also political. Furthermore, the politics of food are intrinsically related to health security, water security, and climate security, issues with increasing effects across the globe if at different orders of magnitude. Food insecurity may be measured higher in arid regions without adequate water and harvests and storage, but it also exists in 'urban deserts' without affordable access to (fresh) produce. In this presentation, I outline a cartography to depict the interconnections between local and global food securities using the characterization of diplomacy of food and for food, and food science for diplomacy. The aim is to enhance exchange of ideas and experiences to benefit food security – and reduced waste – in both food secure and food insecure settings.

Stored food production is critical to food security. Food security refers to the physical availability of, the economic and physical access to, and the ability to utilize food (FAO, 2008, available at; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf). Stored food production is a vital link in that chain: enabling the protection of (surplus) harvest to be made available when needed. Indeed, the means of stored food production constitutes an incentive for (surplus) harvest itself. However, food, food security, and alongside both, food diplomacy are not only practical concerns and challenges but also political. Furthermore, the politics of food are intrinsically related to health security, water security, and climate security, issues with increasing effects across the globe if at different orders of magnitude. Food insecurity may be measured higher in arid regions without adequate water and harvests and storage, but it also exists in 'urban deserts' without affordable access to (fresh) produce. In this presentation, I outline a cartography to depict the interconnections between local and global food securities using the characterization of diplomacy of food and for food, and food science for diplomacy. The aim is to enhance exchange of ideas and experiences to benefit food security – and reduced waste – in both food secure and food insecure settings.

The Ebola pandemic is a crisis of global proportion and of global concern. It is locally concentrated and requires responses on a local scale with a global scope. Its projected trajectory is the subject of volatile predictions, confused communication, imperilled responses and, increasingly, panic. It is at once a health crisis, with severe economic repercussions, and a threat to peace and security, espe­cially in the region and even beyond. The response to the Ebola pandemic should be twofold. The immediate crisis must be brought under control. We propose a set of short-term actions that are based on a much stronger commitment and co­ordination by the international community. Above all, these are geared towards establishing an acknow­ledged and legitimate global health leadership structure: based in the United Nations system and supported by key global players such as the United States and the European Union. In order to overcome the current Ebola outbreak with a view towards drawing conclusions to prevent another such crisis, international actors need to reflect on the structural aspects undergirding this crisis. Three elements of such a response need to be recognised. First, the Ebola pandemic is a global crisis; in addition to the individual impacts of infection, a global pandemic can easily lead to a panic in which health, social, economic and political costs are impossible to quantify. Second, it is a health crisis not only for those infected with and affected by the Ebola virus, but also for the most affected region - in health, economic and security terms (as people seek health care apart from Ebola treatment). Third, Ebola poses a health, economic and security crisis for the West Africa region and beyond: its spread threatens the fragile gains made in the post-conflict societies of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The broader West Africa region and the Sahel are characterised by fragile social cohesion, as people struggle to sustain livelihoods curtailed by quarantines, fear and falling trade while authorities work to maintain and manage socio-political tensions. The current Ebola crisis illustrates the shortcomings of the way international cooperation is organised. In rising to the challenge of a committed, coordinated response, the following points must be acknowledged. Ebola's eruption into densely populated urban areas reinforces the vital necessity of functioning local, national and global health systems. Zoonoses are likely to multiply; learning to predict and prepare for them is vital. It makes it clear that weak and fragile local systems, especially in a post-conflict setting, pose not only a local hazard but a global threat. Current crisis response mechanisms of the international community are neither effective nor adequate. To a large extent, the situation is caused by chronic underfunding of the core functions of leading international institutions. There are urgent opportunities that the international community should take advantage of to improve the workings of the (global) health sector, e.g. compre­hensively supporting health systems' development

Die Ebola-Pandemie ist eine Krise globalen Ausmaßes und Anlass zu weltweiter Sorge. Räumlich konzentriert, verlangt sie lokale Maßnahmen mit globaler Reichweite. Ihr voraussichtlicher Verlauf ist Thema wechselnder Prognosen, widersprüchlicher Nachrichten, gefährdeter Maßnahmen und zunehmend auch großer Ängste. Ebola ist eine Gesundheitskrise mit gravierenden Folgen für die Wirtschaft sowie eine Bedrohung für Frieden und Sicherheit in der Region, aber auch darüber hinaus. Eine Erfolg versprechende Reaktion auf die Ebola-Pandemie muss auf zwei Ebenen ansetzen: Die aktuelle Krise muss unter Kontrolle gebracht werden. Wir schlagen eine Reihe kurzfristiger Maßnahmen vor, die vor allem gekennzeichnet sein sollten durch eine bessere Koordinierung innerhalb der Staatengemeinschaft. Sie dienen dem Aufbau allgemein akzeptierter Führungsstrukturen für die globale Gesundheit: im System der Vereinten Nationen (UN) verankert und von wichtigen globalen Akteuren wie den USA und der EU unterstützt. Dieser Pandemie-Ausbruch sollte so bewältigt werden, dass zukünftige verhindert werden können. Dazu müssen internationale Akteure die herrschenden strukturellen Defizite bearbeiten. Entsprechende Maßnahmen müssen drei Aspekte berücksichtigen: Erstens ist die Ebola-Pandemie eine globale Krise. Neben den Folgen einer Infektion für den einzelnen, kann sie schnell eine Panik auslösen, die medizinische, soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Kosten unkalkulierbar macht. Zweitens ist Ebola nicht nur für die betroffenen Menschen, sondern auch für die betroffene Region eine Krise, die Gesundheit, Wirtschaft und Sicherheit bedroht (u. a. wo Menschen abseits der Ebola-Zentren medizinische Hilfe suchen). Drittens stellt die Infektion eine Gesundheits-, Wirtschafts- und Sicherheitskrise für Westafrika und darüber hinaus dar: Ihre Ausbreitung bedroht die zerbrechlichen Erfolge der Post-Konflikt-Gesellschaften von Guinea, Liberia und Sierra Leone. Darüber hinaus kennzeichnen den Großraum Westafrika und die Sahelzone fragile gesellschaftliche Strukturen. Angesichts von Quarantäne, Angst und einbrechendem Handel kämpft die Bevölkerung um ihre Existenz; sozioökonomische und politische Spannungen können unter diesen Bedingungen rasch zunehmen. Ebola verdeutlicht Schwächen der internationalen Zusammenarbeit. Für die Herausforderung einer engagierten, koordinierten Reaktion ist Folgendes wichtig: Der Ebola-Ausbruch auf dicht besiedeltem Stadtgebiet zeigt, dass funktionsfähige lokale, nationale und globale Gesundheitssysteme überlebenswichtig sind. Zoonosen sind leicht übertragbar und werden auch zunehmend die Menschheit betreffen. Wir müssen vor allem präventiv agieren, und damit auch lernen, erste Anzeichen zu erkennen und zu reagieren. Das macht deutlich, dass schwache lokale Systeme, gerade in Postkonfliktregionen, nicht nur eine lokales Risiko, sondern eine globale Bedrohung sein können. Das aktuelle Krisenmanagement der Staatengemeinschaft ist weder wirksam noch ausreichend. Ein Haupt-grund ist die chronische Unterfinanzierung von Kernaufgaben großer internationaler Institutionen. Die Staatengemeinschaft sollte ihre Möglichkeiten systematischer nutzen, die Leistungsfähigkeit des (globalen) Gesundheitssektors zu steigern.