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Introduction: Currently, in Nepal there are 19 Medical Colleges, most of them under Tribhuwan University and Kathmandu University. Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS) is Not-for-profit organization run by Nepal Army Welfare Fund, affiliated to Tribhuwan University. Excluding the medical graduates from abroad there are around 1500 doctors graduating from Nepal every year. After graduation they have the options joining as a Medical Officer in hospitals around Nepal or go abroad. Joining the Military Medical services seems appealing. However the options are broadening with the jobs in the private and other sectors becoming more lucrative. This study attempts to explore the perception of medical students on joining the Military Medical services. Methods: The study was conducted during November 2016 to December 2017 among first and second year MBBS students of NAIHS. Comprehensive information about becoming a Military doctor in Nepal Army Medical Corps was provided. Student perceptions about joining Military Medical Services were studied using the semi-structured questionnaire. Informed written consent was taken from the students for the study. Results: From the total (204) respondents, 64.7% (132) chose to join the Military medical services. Among the responses, serving the nation, job security and opportunity for career development were the most chosen. Reponses like; preferring private practice, less pay/salary, and deployment consideration were the reasons for not choosing to join the Military Medical Services. Conclusion: Job as a Military Doctor seems attractive to majority of the Medical students. Male and Female medical students are equally interested towards becoming a military doctor in Nepal Army.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) as per Article 324(1) of the Constitution of India has been vested with the power of superintendence, direction and conduct of all elections for the Parliament; State Legislatures and elections for the offices of the President and Vice-President. It had recently issued the Broad Guidelines for Conduct of General/Bye Elections during COVID-19. These Guidelines looked impressive to read but to implement them remained a difficult task; a lot depended on how the Election Commission, State administration including the police and health personnel conducted and fulfilled their due responsibilities. Their co-operation in a synchronized way has resulted in a successful exercise of conducting election in a difficult time and fulfilling a necessary prerequisite for a democratic government enshrined in our Constitution.

<p>This review article mainly focused on the recent progress on the synthesis and characterization of emerging artificially engineered nanostructures of oxide materials as well as their potential applications. A fundamental understanding about the state-of-the-art of the synthesis for different size, shape and morphology, which can be tuned to the desired properties of oxide nanomaterials have discussed in details in this review. The present review covers the a wide range of artificially engineered oxide nanomaterials such as cadmium-, cupric-, nickel-, magnesium-, zinc-, titanium-, tin-, aluminium-, and vanadium-oxides and their useful applications in sensors, optical displays, nanofluids and defence.</p>

Digital Twin (DT) is a virtual representation of a product system that exhibits the properties and analyzes the system's functions. The significant impact of DT extends to several fields, which increases productivity and reduces wastage. This article focuses on developing a Digital twin model of a Lathe machine for Tool Condition Monitoring (TCM). DT implementation in industries is challenging due to simulating online cutting forces and wear. Even though several pieces of research have been carried out in the prediction of tool conditions using machine learning, Artificial Neural network models, only a few pieces of research have been made in digital twins for TCM. This article provides the technique for implementing the DT model of a lathe tool. The feasibility of the DT Model framework is verified by a case study of the turning process with a CNC Lathe machine while machining of Aluminium 5052 workpiece using Titanium Nitride coated tool inserts. The sensor's data are acquired and fed to the microcontroller for real-time data acquisition. The real-time dataset is processed in the DT model for monitoring and predicting the tool conditions. The tool wear classification using the DT model is achieved. Developing the Digital Twin model in machining increases productivity and assists in predictive maintenance.

Unlike the cities of the global North, where poor indigenous communities are primarily immigrants attracted to cities to secure better livelihoods, the tribals of Jharkhand in urban spaces are mostly 'original inhabitants'. In Ranchi, their original state has been increasingly dwindled or marginalised and led to a dialectical process of socio-spatial poverty traps. This study attempts to understand the socio-spatial integration of the tribal community within Ranchi city through the identification of tribal toponymy and the patterns of clustering and concentration vis-à-vis the process of land association and dissociation. Further, it brings together the attributes of such a produced spatiality. Location Quotient, based on secondary data, and Key Informant Interviews with field observations are applied to measure the tribal concentration and the processes of spatiality, respectively. The findings present a dismal picture, where the tribals mostly find themselves at the margins of the city space, especially in the core-inner city and the microperipheral localities. The continuous inflow of outsiders, the issue of land rights and land alienation, the pattern of socio-spatial clustering and disadvantages, and the dynamics of tribal identity associations are all integrally connected in perpetuating tribals' urban spatial exclusion and thereby their socio-spatial segregation.

Nepal has been strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and struggling to contain it with multiple interventions. We assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 in the context of various restrictions imposed to contain the disease transmission by employing prospective spatiotemporal analysis with SaTScan statistics. We explored active and emerging disease clusters using the prospective space-time scanning with the Discrete Poisson model for two time periods using COVID-19 cases reported to the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), Government of Nepal during 23 January – 21 July, and 23 January – 29 November 2020 taking the cutoff date of 21 July (end date of nationwide lockdown). The results revealed that COVID-19 dynamics in the early transmission stage were slower and confined to a few districts. However, since the third week of April, transmission spread rapidly across the districts of Madhesh and Sudurpaschim Provinces. Despite nationwide lockdown, nine statistically significant active and emerging clusters were detected between 23 January and 21 July 2020, whereas seven emerging clusters were observed for an extended period to 29 November. After lifting the nationwide lockdown, COVID-19 clusters developed had a many-fold higher relative risk than during the lockdown period. The most likely cluster was located in the capital city, the Kathmandu valley, making it the highest-risk active cluster since August. Movement restriction appears to be the most effective non-pharmaceutical intervention against the COVID-19 in countries with limited health care facilities. Our findings could be valuable to the health authorities within Nepal and beyond to better allocate resources and improve interventions on the pandemic for containing it efficiently.