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The costs of party formation potentially alter representation and change electoral dynamics before allocation rules come into play. Furthermore, the interaction of formation rules and demographic conditions occasionally produces in new democracies unintended effects on representation that are quite distinct from the effects of other electoral barriers. Currently, however, the literature does not systematically consider the role that institutions play in party formation and party survival in new democracies. This article considers the theoretical importance of formation rules on representation in the context of party-system development. The principal hypothesis proposed is that, while not a sufficient condition for the emergence of separate ethnic political parties, elimination of spatial registration rules, which mandate registration that exceeds the group's geographic distribution, is a necessary condition. (InWent/DÜI)

What determines which identity cleavage, ethnicity or religion, is mobilized in political contestation, be it peaceful or violent? In contrast to common predictions that the greatest contention occurs where identities are fully segmented, most identity conflicts in the world are between ethnic groups that share religion. Alternatives in Mobilization builds on the literature about political demography to address this seeming contradiction. The book proposes that variation in relative group size and intersection of cleavages help explain conundrums in the mobilization of identity, across transgressive and contained political settings. This theory is tested cross-nationally on identity mobilization in civil war and across violent conflict in Pakistan, Uganda, Nepal and Turkey, and peaceful electoral politics in Indonesia. This book helps illustrate a more accurate and improved picture of the ethnic and religious tapestry of the world and addresses an increasing need for a better understanding of how religion contributes to conflict.

Idean Salehyan - Best practices in the collection of conflict data 105. - Johanna K Birnir, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, James D Fearon, David D Laitin,Ted Robert Gurr, Dawn Brancati, Stephen M Saideman, Amy Pate &Agatha S Hultquist - Socially relevant ethnic groups, ethnic structure, and AMAR 110. - Paul R Hensel & Sara McLaughlin Mitchell - Lessons from the Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) project 116. - Joakim Kreutz - The war that wasn't there: Managing unclear cases in conflict data 120. - Nils B Weidmann & Espen Geelmuyden Rød - Making uncertainty explicit: Separating reports and events in the coding of violence and contention 125. - Joel Day, Jonathan Pinckney & Erica Chenoweth - Collecting data on nonviolent action: Lessons learned and ways forward 129. - Victor Asal, Ken Cousins & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch - Making ends meet: Combining organizational data in contentious politics 134