Modern child protective service retains much of the belief in the community's responsibility for neglected chil dren held by its founders in the 1870's. The greatest change has been in the emphasis on help to parents to provide needed care as opposed to punishment of parents and removal of children. It is based on a belief that parents who are not functioning adequately are not necessarily incapable of so func tioning and that it is in the interest of society, of children, and of parent that they be given an opportunity to find out. Pro tective service is, more than many social services, a direct joint effort of community and social agency. It is initiated by reports from the community. Though need of protective serv ice is generally accepted as basic in all communities, and protective services in public child welfare units increasing, such services are by no means universal. They are increas ingly given under public—tax—supported—rather than volun tarily supported agencies. The extent of neglect is well documented by the United States Children's Bureau. Neg lectful parents can be helped by a community program which includes identification of such parents, provides authoritative intervention of which an ingredient is skillful casework help, and insures that services and resources which support parental functioning will be available.
During crisis times, what children are playing and what grown-ups think their games signify can become a focus of adult anxiety. The Play Observatory, a COVID-19 research project, drew on folklore studies and cultural histories of childhood to collect, document and understand what children were playing and doing during extraordinary times, in ways which were meaningful to children themselves. This article discusses some of the children's and families' contributions, juxtaposed with children's contributions to the archive of childhood folklorists Iona and Peter Opie, to highlight and contest adultist interpretations around children's play during difficult times. We suggest that these interpretations are rooted in particular social constructions of the child, of childhood and of play that reflect themes of innocence, purity and vulnerability, and the need for adult protection from contamination, both material and symbolic. We introduce the idea of 'inflection' to suggest how habitual and perennial forms of play may be made to temporarily accommodate contemporary issues by the players as opposed to the play (and hence the child) being 'infected' with troubling or distressing themes which detract from idealised constructs of childhood.
Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to report on how early years practitioners worked with the ORIM Framework to support work with parents to promote early literacy experiences.Design/methodology/approach– Co-produced Knowledge Exchange (KE) was used to develop and evaluate work with parents to facilitate their young children's literacy. Information was gathered in discussion groups, interviews with parents and practitioners and feedback from all the parties involved.Findings– Practitioners and families engaged with each other in the further development of an established literacy programme, and families demonstrated "ownership" of the co-produced knowledge after the end of the project.Research limitations/implications– Project design in co-produced research and KE is necessarily flexible. The focus is on practitioners' knowledge and ownership of the process, sharing knowledge with parents and enhancing children's experiences.Practical implications– Practices that can enhance parental engagement in their children's early literacy are varied and multiple and ORIM can be used flexibly to plan, develop and evaluate innovative and community – (and family –) specific practices.Social implications– Where parents have more knowledge of children's early literacy development they are in a better position to support them; for learning communities there are implications in terms of future development of work with families to support early literacy development.Originality/value– This paper contributes an original approach to the co-production of research with early years practitioners. It also identifies specific issues around the ethics of ownership in co-produced research.
Drawing on ethnographic accounts of children'smedia-referenced play, this book explores children's engagement with media culturesand playground experiences, analyzing a range of issues such as learning, fantasy, communication and identity.
AbstractIntroductionSkin cancer affecting the nail unit is rare but is associated with morbidity, and melanoma has a high mortality rate. The principal treatment is surgical excision and methods can be classified into digit‐sparing surgery or amputation. Digit‐sparing surgery (wide excision or Mohs surgery) may be safe and effective for malignancies involving the nail unit in comparison to amputation if there is not bony invasion. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of different methods of surgical excision for skin cancer involving the nail unit.MethodsProspective comparative studies (randomized controlled studies, non‐randomized controlled studies and prospective observational studies) of surgical excision for skin cancer of the nail unit in all participants were eligible for inclusion. We searched electronic databases, trials registers and conference abstracts. We checked the reference lists of included studies and related systematic reviews for further references to relevant studies, and we contacted experts to enquire if they were aware of any additional relevant trials. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcomes were overall survival, disease free survival and adverse events/outcomes at 30 days. The secondary outcomes were quality of life outcomes. We planned to use GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome.ResultsWe did not identify any studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review. We have been unable to assess our outcomes of overall survival, disease free survival, adverse events/effects and quality of life.ConclusionsAs we have not identified any studies for inclusion, we are unable to assess the efficacy and safety of different methods of surgical excision for skin cancer involving the nail unit. We suggest that comprehensive cancer registry analysis is required in this field to obtain meaningful data.
Germline mutations in CDKN2A are frequently identified among melanoma kindreds and are associated with increased atypical nevus counts. However, a clear relationship between pathogenic CDKN2A mutation carriage and other nevus phenotypes including counts of common acquired nevi has not yet been established. Using data from GenoMEL, we investigated the relationships between CDKN2A mutation carriage and 2-mm, 5-mm, and atypical nevus counts among blood-related members of melanoma families. Compared with individuals without a pathogenic mutation, those who carried one had an overall higher prevalence of atypical (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-2.28) nevi but not 2-mm nevi (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 0.92-1.21) or 5-mm nevi (odds ratio = 1.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.94-1.70). Stratification by case status showed more pronounced positive associations among non-case family members, who were nearly three times (odds ratio = 2.91; 95% confidence interval = 1.75-4.82) as likely to exhibit nevus counts at or above the median in all three nevus categories simultaneously when harboring a pathogenic mutation (vs. not harboring one). Our results support the hypothesis that unidentified nevogenic genes are co-inherited with CDKN2A and may influence carcinogenesis. ; European Commission under the 6th and 7th Framework Programme ; Cancer Research UK Programme ; Cancer Research UK ; US National Institutes of Health ; NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia ; Cancer Council New South Wales ; Cancer Institute New South Wales ; Cancer Council Victoria ; Cancer Council Queensland ; CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior) ; FAPESP (Fundacao para o Amparo da Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo)-SP, Brazil ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia ; NCI ; Cancer Research Foundations of Radiumhemmet ; Swedish Cancer Society ; Paulsson Trust ; Lund University ; European Research Council ; Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Union Europea, Una manera de hacer Europa ; Catalan Government, Spain ; Fundacio La Marato de TV3, Catalonia, Spain ; Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC) ; Italian Ministry of Health ; Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique ; Institut National du Cancer (INCA) ; Comision Honoraria de Lucha Contra el Cancer, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Dutch Cancer Society ; CONACYT, Mexico ; NHMRC ; Cancer Institute NSW ; National Institutes of Health ; Texas A&M Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, College Stn, TX USA ; Univ Penn, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Natl Canc Inst, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Human Genet Program, Bethesda, MD USA ; Hop Cochin, AP HP, Paris, France ; Univ Paris 05, Paris, France ; Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Tel Aviv, Israel ; Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Leiden, Netherlands ; St James Univ Hosp, Canc Res UK Clin Ctr Leeds, Leeds Inst Canc & Pathol, Sect Epidemiol & Biostat, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England ; 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Inst Oncol Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Lund Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Lund, Sweden ; Lund Univ, Dept Surg, Lund, Sweden ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pathol, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Univ Republica, Hosp Clin, Unidad Lesiones Pigmentadas Catedra Dermatol, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Dermatol, Portland, OR 97201 USA ; Univ Sydney, Westmead Millennium Inst, Westmead Inst Canc Res, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Inst Valenciano Oncol, Dept Dermatol, Valencia, Spain ; Latvian Biomed Res & Study Ctr, Riga, Latvia ; H Lee Moffitt Canc Ctr & Res Inst, Dept Canc Epidemiol, Tampa, FL USA ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pathol, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; European Commission under the 6th and 7th Framework Programme: LSH-CT-2006-018702 ; Cancer Research UK Programme: C588/A4994 ; Cancer Research UK Programme: C588/ A10589 ; Cancer Research UK: C8216/A6129 ; US National Institutes of Health: R01-CA83115 ; US National Institutes of Health: R01CA5558-01A2 ; US National Institutes of Health: 5R25-CA147832-04 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: NHMRC 107359 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 402761 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 633004 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 566946 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 211172 ; Cancer Council New South Wales: 77/00 ; Cancer Council New South Wales: 06/10 ; Cancer Institute New South Wales: CINSW 05/TPG/1-01 ; |Cancer Institute New South Wales: 10/TPG/1-02 ; Cancer Council Queensland: 371 ; FAPESP: 2007/04313-2 ; NCI: CA88363 ; European Research Council: ERC-2011-294576 ; Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain: P.I. 09/01393 ; Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain: P.I. 12/ 00840 ; Catalan Government, Spain: AGAUR 2009 SGR 1337 ; Catalan Government, Spain: AGAUR 2014_SGR_603 ; Fundacio La Marato de TV3, Catalonia, Spain: 201331-30 ; Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC): 15460 ; Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique: PHRC-AOM-07-195 ; 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