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This study aimed to examine the effects of commenting on a Facebook misinformation post by comparing a user agency–based intervention and machine agency–based intervention in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) fact-checking labeling on attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccination. We found that both interventions were effective at promoting positive attitudes toward vaccination compared to the misinformation-only condition. However, the intervention effects manifested differently depending on participants' residential locations, such that the commenting intervention emerged as a promising tool for suburban participants. The effectiveness of the AI fact-checking labeling intervention was pronounced for urban populations. Neither of the fact-checking interventions showed salient effects with the rural population. These findings suggest that although user agency- and machine agency–based interventions might have potential against misinformation, these interventions should be developed in a more sophisticated way to address the unequal effects among populations in different geographic locations.

General journalistic principles guide the ways that gatekeepers evaluate the newsworthiness of events. These principles are adapted in the field of international communication and indicate some unique features, in particular, of international disasters reporting. The current research examined the presence, amount, and length of news coverage from 3 major U.S. newspapers on 292 global natural disasters from 2004 to 2014. Results showed that U.S. newspapers had a reasonable neglect of international disasters compared with domestic ones and a disproportional favor toward huge versus smaller size disasters. A systematic predicting model was evident: Severity was the most significant and the only consistent determinant of disasters reports, followed by the intensity of deviance. Geographic distance and degree of relevance between countries failed to predict any variance of news coverage. This finding might demonstrate a return to the news value that the newsworthiness of an event should be based on the attributes of the event per se.

While the traditional role of the First Lady has been that of hostess, some have taken on new activities involving leadership & decision making. At the same time, media coverage of the First Lady has changed. Presented here are two studies examining media coverage of three First Ladies, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, & Hillary Clinton, hypothesizing that the way a First Lady is framed as being politically active or not will play a role in other aspects of media coverage, eg, valence of stories & degree of stereotyping. Content analyses of stories in the New York Times, Washington Post, & Time magazine indicate that the more politically active the First Lady, the more negative the textual coverage, & the less stereotypical the photographic coverage. The frames used to cover First Ladies have changed in both media outlets & may depend not only on political activity, but also on the medium in which the news appears. 7 Tables, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

This book highlights the progress-or lack thereof-in media regarding portrayals of women, across genres and cultures within the twenty-first-century. Both original studies and descriptive overviews of current media platforms are included, as top scholars evaluate the portrayals of women in contemporary venues, including advertisements, videogames, political stories, health communication and reality television.