Suchergebnisse

Objectives: To identify determinants of sexual behaviors among Ethiopian secondary school adolescents using Jessor's theoretical framework.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to examine determinants of sexual behaviors among 537 high school students aged 14-20. HIV risk and protective factors were identified based on a review of the literature. Focus group discussions and informal interviews were carried out to validate theoretical constructs and, together with the literature review, to guide questionnaire construction. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between each risk and protective factor and each sexual behavior.
Results: Most students (64 percent male and 89 percent female) were not sexually active. Only 56 percent of the sexually active youths reported ever using condoms. Family involvement, age of boy/girlfriend, expectations for aca-demic achievement, and substance abuse were associated with at least three of the six sexual behaviors or intentions examined. Risk and protective factors in
the personality, perceived environment, and behavior domains were associated with at least one sexual behavior or intention.
Conclusion: The findings are consistent with Jessor's theoretical framework and suggest that risk and protective factors from several domains contribute to Ethiopian adolescents' involvement in sexual behavior.
Recommendation: The findings of this study may be used to design culturally sensitive school-based HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Ethiopia. Recommendations are made on how to design school-based HIV prevention programs and to carry out further research on gender differences in sexual behavior and HIV risk factors among students and out-of-school adolescents.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Toddler Development and Autonomy: Baby-Led Weaning, Neophobia, and Responsive Parenting -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Toddler Development -- Toddler Eating Behavior -- Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- Global Landscape of Nutrient Inadequacies in Toddlers and Young Children -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Monitoring Young Child Growth and Weight -- Micronutrient Deficiencies - The Big 4 -- Dietary Diversity, Feeding Frequency, and Minimum Acceptable Diet Scores -- Dietary Intake Surveys -- Conclusions -- Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- Nutrition Related-Practices in Brazilian Preschoolers: Identifying Challenges and Addressing Barriers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A Historical Pathway throughout Nutrition in Brazil -- Current Challenges regarding the Feeding of Brazilian Toddlers -- Opportunities to Enhance Toddlers' Feeding -- Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- Growth Faltering: Underweight and Stunting -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Global Distribution of Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight in Toddlers and Young Preschoolers -- Timing of the Development of Stunting and Wasting -- Can Toddlers and Young Preschoolers Recover from Stunting and Wasting? -- Nutrient Needs of Toddlers and Young Preschoolers -- Do Toddlers and Young Preschoolers Require Special Diets? -- Nutrition-Sensitive Actions and Interventions to Improve the Growth and Development of Toddlers and Young Preschoolers -- Conflict of Interest Statement -- References -- Obesity in Toddlers and Young Children: Causes and Consequences -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Environmental Risk Factors for Obesity -- Genetic Risk Factors -- Nutritional Risk Factors -- Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep -- Developmental Factors -- Consequences of Childhood Obesity -- Overview.

This study examines the relationships among three major subtypes of neglect (physical, psychological, and environmental), a summary measure of neglect, and neglect as defined by Child Protective Services (CPS). The predictive validity of the subtypes of neglect assessed when children were 5 years of age was examined using children's behavior at age 6. Study findings include modest to moderate correlations among the neglect subtypes, CPS neglect, and children's behavior. After controlling for CPS neglect, the subtypes remained predictive of children's behavior. The set of three subtypes was more strongly related to children's behavior, particularly maternal report of internalizing problems, than was the summary neglect measure. These findings suggest that considering the subtypes of neglect may enhance our understanding of neglect and lead to interventions tailored to families' specific needs.

This study examined the views on child neglect among African American and White community members of middle and low socioeconomic status and contrasted their views with those of professionals in the field of child maltreatment. Vignettes concerning an imaginary 18-month-old child were factor analyzed into Physical and Psychological Care scales. There were small but significant differences, with both middle-class African American and White community groups showing greater concern for psychological care than the lower class African American group. Both groups of African Americans were more concerned than middle-class Whites about physical care. Overall, there is considerable agreement among the community samples in their views of what circumstances are harmful to children; professionals in the field appear to have a higher threshold for concern.