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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- I: INTRODUCTION -- Causal Thinking, Theory, and Operationalism -- The Concept of Causality -- Some Problems with Causal Thinking -- Causal Models -- Inferences from Experimental and Nonexperimental Designs -- Concluding Remarks -- II: MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CAUSAL MODELS -- Causality, Attributes, and Necessary Conditions -- Independent and Dependent Variables: the Problem of Asymmetry -- Prediction Versus Causal Inferences -- Outside Influences, Error Terms, and Correlations -- The Use of Simultaneous Equations -- III: EVALUATING CAUSAL MODELS -- Rationale for Testing Models -- Specific Causal Models -- Numerical Applications -- Some Cautions -- Concluding Remarks -- IV: INFERENCES BASED ON CHANGES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS -- Changes in Units of Analysis -- Comparisons with Same Units, Different Variations -- Comparisons Involving Change Data -- Concluding Remarks -- V: COMPLICATING FACTORS -- Reducing the Effects of Confounding Influences -- Measurement Error in Nonexperimental Studies -- Inferences Involving Unmeasured Variables -- Concluding Remarks -- VI: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Summary -- Concluding Remarks -- APPENDIX: SOME RELATED APPROACHES -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- W -- Z

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- 1. Introduction -- PART I: IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE DATA-COLLECTION APPROACHES -- 2. A Fully Nonmetric Unfolding Technique: Interval Values from Ordinal Data -- 3. Social Attitudes: Magnitude Measurement and Theory -- 4. Reladons between Scales -- 5. Memory and the Assessment of Behavior -- 6. Measurement Error in Sociometry -- PART II: MULTIPLE INDICATOR APPROACHES -- 7. An Empirical and Algebraic Analysis of Alternative Techniques for Measuring Unobserved Variables -- 8. Multiple Indicators: Some Criteria of Selection -- 9. Quantifying Unmeasured Variables -- 10. The Causal Approach to Measurement Error in Panel Analysis: Some Further Contingencies -- PART III: ORDINAL MEASUREMENT -- 11. Measures of Association for Bivariate Ordinal Hypotheses -- 12. Ordinal Measures of Association and the General Linear Model -- 13. Nonparametric Partial Correlation -- 14. Ordinal Partial Correlation and Causal Inferences -- 15. Beyond Ordinal Measurement: Weak Tests of Stronger Theories -- Index