Suchergebnisse

Following the creation of the viceroyalty of Río de la Plata in 1776, the elites of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Montevideo turned time and again to the Spanish crown for intercession, mediation, and support to maintain their privileged position during the tumultuous years before the May Revolution of 1810. Their loyalty was in part a result of the social status, political opportunities, and economic benefits that produced their privileged style of life. But of greater importance were the various internal and external factors that threatened their privileges, including inter-group rivalries, the presence of subversive ideas linked to the French Revolution, growing numbers of black slaves who engaged in various forms of resistance, indigenous groups who blocked the exploitation of the viceroyalty?s resources, Portuguese interlopers, and British imperial ambitions that culminated with the invasions of the viceroyalty in 1806 and 1807. To retain their privileges and their tenuous hold over the region, the viceroyalty?s urban elites looked to Spain for help, ensuring their continuing loyalty to the Spanish crown in increasingly troubling times.

A historical tradition -- Serving the king in Venezuela and New Granada -- Fighting for the patria in the Rio de la Plata -- Changing loyalties in the North -- Controlling slave recruitment in Chile and Peru -- Recruitment and resistance -- The personal war of slave women -- The survival of slavery

Access to global markets is vital for exporters and importers of all economies, large and small. The World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) has jurisdiction to adjudicate disputes under the WTO Agreements where measures of a WTO member impinge upon trade rights, such as by imposing barriers to market access for imported goods and services. Australia initially made significant use of this complaints' mechanism, but since 2003 Australia has not initiated a single complaint. Overseas research indicates that the engagement of the private sector can be a key component of enforcement of a member's WTO rights. This thesis examines the public-private relationship in Australia and compares it to the relationship that exists in the leading WTO litigant, the United States of America. In doing so, it provides the first systematic examination of the nature of the public-private relationship in trade law in Australia. This thesis develops a model to measure effectiveness. It uses a comparative and an empirical methodology to collect and analyse the research data to test against the effectiveness model. Research data were collected from a series of in-depth interviews from public and private actors engaged in WTO disputes, providing a unique set of insights into the interaction between government and industry in Australia and the United States. Interview data was supplemented with case law, statutes and other contemporaneous primary data. Once collected the data was analysed to provide explicit comparison of functionally equivalent processes and procedures across the two jurisdictions. The study concludes that Australia's constitutional and institutional structures, together with its relatively small market size and cultural values, have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the public-private engagement process in trade disputes. By contrast, the legalized U.S. process provided clearly identified objectives to its WTO enforcement program together with transparent and participatory procedures ...