[spa] Ésta es una tesis doctoral antropológica e histórica sobre la cultura política del caciquismo durante el periodo comprendido entre 1915 y 2014 en el distrito Mixe, del estado de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es validar un nuevo modelo teórico que se propone a partir de Oligarquía y caciquismo de Joaquín Costa con el material empírico que se ha recopilado en el campo a través de múltiples fuentes etnográficas e históricas. Se emplea un método hipotético-deductivo para explorar en profundidad de tres cacicazgos de la unidad de geográfica y étnica de análisis. A partir de estos resultados, se han refinado las hipótesis propuestas para ayudar, a fin de cuentas, a definir y detectar el fenómeno socio-político del caciquismo y para conectarlo con el concepto más amplio del patronazgo informal y el de partido político. El caciquismo se define como una fórmula muy concreta de intermediación que conecta y sujeta poblaciones humanas. Establece un triple mecanismo de control sobre los sujetos, un encadenamiento mediante favores, sujeciones y transmisiones entre los grupos local y nacional. La articulación entre estas tres cadenas funciona de la siguiente manera: el caciquismo crea un monopolio político y económico que manipula los vínculos de la comunidad con la nación, desviando recursos y patronazgo hasta convirtiéndolas en cadenas de transmisión; con estos últimos el cacique entreteje las cadenas de favor con las que subordina a su clientela local y con ello reemplaza la jerarquía de responsabilidades de las instituciones locales por deudas de lealtad; finalmente, mediante el poder absoluto y los recursos económicos, el caciquismo contribuye a cercar a la población para mantenerla cautiva y subordinada a su dominio. El caciquismo establece un triple monopolio: 1) el económico, a través de la dominación de las relaciones externas y los intercambios comerciales (transmisión); 2) el de la violencia, mediante la creación de grupos parapoliciales y el control de las armas de fuego (sujeción); 3) el político, al concentrar en la persona del cacique los tres poderes por medio de la reciprocidad asimétrica de las relaciones patrón-cliente (favor). En conclusión, tres cadenas, tres monopolios, tres poderes y una sola persona. El resultado es que el caciquismo integra en una única cadena de mando a los municipios y distritos con el Estado. Los caciques se demuestran así como un eslabón esencial que preservar la hegemonía de una élite que gobierna como una oligarquía. Y, finalmente, la autocracia de los pueblos bajo el yugo del caciquismo sirve a la dinámica más general de la centralización estatal del poder. ; [eng] This is an anthropological and historical PhD thesis about the political culture of caciquismo –a special kind of power patronage– between 1915 and 2014 in the Mixe district of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main research objective is to validate a new theoretical model – based on Joaquín Costa's theory Oligarquía y caciquismo– using empirical data gathered through fieldwork using multiple ethnographic and historical sources. A hypothetical-deductive method is applied to explore three cases of caciquismo from the geographical and ethnic unit of analysis. The hypothesis are refined based on this analysis in order to help define and identify the socio-political phenomenon of caciquismo and to connect it to the wider concept of informal and party patronage. Caciquismo is defined as a very specific formula for intermediation that both connects and restrains human communities. It establishes a triple control mechanism over individuals through favours, subjugation, and transmission between local and national groups. The three chains of Caciquismo are articulated in the following way: by creating an economic and political monopoly that affects the community's ties to the nation, the resources and patronage provided are diverted internally; with these, the cacique establishes his patronage through favours, which he uses to subordinate his local clientele, replacing the local institutions' hierarchies of responsibilities with what it is defined here as debts of loyalty; finally, caciquismo uses both absolute power and economic resources to keep people subordinated and captive to its domination. Caciquismo establishes a triple monopoly: 1) economic monopoly, through the domination of external political and commercial relations (transmission); 2) monopoly of violence, through control of firearms and creating community police groups (subjugation); 3) political monopoly, concentrating all three powers in the cacique through the asymmetric reciprocity of patron-client relationships (favours). In conclusion, there are three chains of control, three monopolies, three powers but only one person. Caciquismo integrates communities, districts and the central state into a single chain of command. Caciques are an essential cog in the wheel that preserves the hegemony for an elite that rules government as an oligarchy. The autocracy of caciquismo also contributes to the more general dynamics of state centralization of power.
"Comunidades encadenadas" es una tesis doctoral antropológica e histórica sobre la cultura política del caciquismo durante el periodo comprendido entre 1915 y 2014 en el distrito Mixe, del estado de Oaxaca, México. El objetivo principal es validar un nuevo modelo teórico que se propone a partir de Oligarquía y caciquismo de Joaquín Costa con el material empírico que se ha recopilado en el campo a través de múltiples fuentes etnográficas e históricas. Se emplea un método hipotético-deductivo para explorar en profundidad de tres cacicazgos de la unidad de geográfica y étnica de análisis. A partir de estos resultados, se han refinado las hipótesis propuestas para ayudar, a fin de cuentas, a definir y detectar el fenómeno socio-político del caciquismo y para conectarlo con el concepto más amplio del patronazgo informal y el de partido político. El caciquismo se define como una fórmula muy concreta de intermediación que conecta y sujeta poblaciones humanas. Establece un triple mecanismo de control sobre los sujetos, un encadenamiento mediante favores, sujeciones y transmisiones entre los grupos local y nacional. La articulación entre estas tres cadenas funciona de la siguiente manera: el caciquismo crea un monopolio político y económico que manipula los vínculos de la comunidad con la nación, desviando recursos y patronazgo hasta convirtiéndolas en cadenas de transmisión; con estos últimos el cacique entreteje las cadenas de favor con las que subordina a su clientela local y con ello reemplaza la jerarquía de responsabilidades de las instituciones locales por deudas de lealtad; finalmente, mediante el poder absoluto y los recursos económicos, el caciquismo contribuye a cercar a la población para mantenerla cautiva y subordinada a su dominio. El caciquismo establece un triple monopolio: 1) el económico, a través de la dominación de las relaciones externas y los intercambios comerciales (transmisión); 2) el de la violencia, mediante la creación de grupos parapoliciales y el control de las armas de fuego (sujeción); 3) ...
Esta ponencia versa sobre la dificultad de investigar un tema tan escurridizo y oculto como son los sistemas políticos informales, las vías que los caciques emplean para suplantar al (imaginado) Estado democrático de Derecho y los medios con los que aglutinan a sus clientelas (pan, palo y símbolos). De todo ello, las conclusiones que se pueden extraer transitan entre dos planos: en primer lugar, desde la metodología, mi objetivo es demostrar que el antropólogo es el investigador social que está en mejor disposición de abordar un objeto de estudio como el caciquismo, gracias sobre todo al método etnológico. Siguiendo a Knight, ello requiere de dos competencias profesionales de corte geertziano: la capacidad de inmersión y la descripción densa (Knight y Pansters, 2005). Cierta dosis de fortuna y un punto de arrojo también deben entrar en la ecuación. Además, un breve repaso por las aproximaciones teóricas más destacadas (desde la ciencia política, la economía política, la historia, la antropología, etc.) servirán para contextualizar los estudios similares. De esta manera, se va a realizar una revisión crítica y abierta a la posición teórica que sostiene la ausencia de Estado y a la del concepto de intermediación, apuntando hacia la integración y la continuidad de lógicas, discursos y prácticas entre los diversos actores políticos, tanto locales como de fuera de las comunidades.
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) & FEDER funds from the EU (under grant DPI2015-69891-C2-1/2-R). This work was also supported by the Principado de Asturias government through the predoctoral grant "Severo Ochoa"
The analysis of the big volumes of data requires efficient and robust dimension reduction techniques to represent data into lower-dimensional spaces, which ease human understanding. This paper presents a study of the stability, robustness and performance of some of these dimension reduction algorithms with respect to algorithm and data parameters, which usually have a major influence in the resulting embeddings. This analysis includes the performance of a large panel of techniques on both artificial and real datasets, focusing on the geometrical variations experimented when changing different parameters. The results are presented by identifying the visual weaknesses of each technique, providing some suitable data-processing tasks to enhance the stability ; This work has been financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education and FEDER funds under grants DPI2009-13398-C02-01 and by the Government of Asturias. J.A.Lee is a Research Associate with the Belgian F.R.S.- FNRS (Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique)
Under a Creative Commons license.-- et al. ; Identification of genes associated with hereditary cancers facilitates management of patients with family histories of cancer. We performed exome sequencing of DNA from 3 individuals from a family with colorectal cancer who met the Amsterdam criteria for risk of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. These individuals had mismatch repair-proficient tumors and each carried nonsense variant in the FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1 gene (FAN1), which encodes a nuclease involved in DNA inter-strand cross-link repair. We sequenced FAN1 in 176 additional families with histories of colorectal cancer and performed in vitro functional analyses of the mutant forms of FAN1 identified. We detected FAN1 mutations in approximately 3% of families who met the Amsterdam criteria and had mismatch repair-proficient cancers with no previously associated mutations. These findings link colorectal cancer predisposition to the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, supporting the connection between genome integrity and cancer risk. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-38885 [LV], SAF2012-31881 [JS], SAF2013-45836R [XSP] and SAF2012-33636 [GC] and Ramón y Cajal Contract to LV); the Carlos III Health Institute (PI11-01439 [VM], PI13/00285 [CL] and fellowship to NS); CIBERESP (CB07/02/2005 [VM]); RTICC (RD12/0036/0031, RD12/0036/0006, RD12/0036/0008 and RD12/0036/0067); the EU FP7 project ASSET (grant agreement 259348 to AV); L'Oréal-UNESCO "For Women in Science"; the Scientific Foundation Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer; and the Government of Catalonia (2014SGR338 [GC] and 2009SGR0489 [JS]). JS is also funded by ICREA Academia and the European Regional Development FEDER Funds. CIBERER is an initiative of the Carlos III Health Institute. ; Peer Reviewed
International Conference on Engineering Applications of Neural Networks (13th. 2012. Coventry Univ, Otaniemi, Finland) ; This work has been financed by a grant from the Government of Asturias, under funds of Science, Technology and Innovation Plan of Asturias (PCTI), and by the spanish Ministry of Science and Education and FEDER funds under grants DPI2009-13398-C02-01
Proper physiological function of mammalian airways requires the differentiation of basal stem cells into secretory or multiciliated cells, among others. In addition, the self- renewal ability of these basal stem cells is crucial for developing a quick response to toxic agents in order to re- establish the epithelial barrier function of the airways. Although these epithelial missions are vital, little is known about those mechanism controlling airway epithelial regeneration in health and dis-ease. p53 has been recently proposed as the guardian of homeostasis, promoting differentiation programs, and antagonizing a de- differentiation program. Here, we exploit mouse and human tracheal epithelial cell culture models to study the role of MDM2- p53 signaling in self- renewal and differentiation in the airway epi-thelium. We show that p53 protein regulation by MDM2 is crucial for basal stem cell differentiation and to keep proper cell proliferation. Therefore, we suggest that MDM2/p53 interaction modulation is a potential target to control regenera-tion of the mammalian airway epithelia without massively affecting the epithe-lium integrity and differentiation potential. ; J.M.C.- G. was recipient of a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC- 2015- 17867). This work was supported by BFU2014- 54699- P, BFU2017- 85547- P grants from the Ministry of Economy, and IB18014 from Junta de Extremadura to J.M.C.- G. and GR15164 from Junta de Extremadura to F.C. S.G.- J. was a recipient of a Fellowship from the Universidad de Extremadura. S.D.- Ch. and C.M.M.- Q. were recipients of a Fellowship from Junta de Extremadura. All Spanish fund-ing is co- sponsored by the European Union FEDER program. ; peerReviewed
While interplay between BRCA1 and AURKA-RHAMM-TPX2-TUBG1 regulates mammary epithelial polarization, common genetic variation in HMMR (gene product RHAMM) may be associated with risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Following on these observations, we further assessed the link between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 functional module and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 15,252 BRCA1 and 8,211 BRCA2 mutation carriers and subsequently analyzed using a retrospective likelihood approach. The association of HMMR rs299290 with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers was confirmed: per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 - 1.15, p = 1.9 x 10(-4) (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p = 0.043). Variation in CSTF1, located next to AURKA, was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs2426618 per-allele HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.16, p = 0.005 (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045). Assessment of pairwise interactions provided suggestions (FDR-adjusted p(interaction) values greater than 0.05) for deviations from the multiplicative model for rs299290 and CSTF1 rs6064391, and rs299290 and TUBG1 rs11649877 in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Following these suggestions, the expression of HMMR and AURKA or TUBG1 in sporadic breast tumors was found to potentially interact, influencing patients survival. Together, the results of this study support the hypothesis of a causative link between altered function of AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 and breast carcinogenesis in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. ; Funding Agencies|National Cancer Institute [UM1 CA164920]; Lithuania (BFBOCC-LT): Research Council of Lithuania grant [LIG-07/2012]; Hereditary Cancer Association (Paveldimo vezio asociacija); LSC grant [10.0010.08]; ESF [2009/0220/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/09/APIA/VIAA/016]; Liepajas municipal council; Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA); Morris and Horowitz Familes Endowed Professorship; NEYE Foundation; Spanish Association against Cancer [AECC08, RTICC 06/0020/1060, FISPI08/1120]; Mutua Madrilena Foundation (FMMA); COH-CCGCRN: City of Hope Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Network from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health; Hereditary Cancer Research Registry from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health [RC4CA153828]; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Cancer Research-United Kingdom grant [C12292/A11174, C1287/ A10118]; NHMRC Program Grant; DKFZ; European Union (European Social Fund-ESF); Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research and Technology: ARISTEIA; European Social Fund; Cancer Research United Kingdom Grants [C1287/A10118, C1287/A11990]; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) grant; NIHR grant; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Cancer Research United Kingdom Grant [C5047/A8385]; University of Kansas Cancer Center [P30 CA168524]; Kansas Bioscience Authority Eminent Scholar Program; Chancellors Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Sciences Professorship; AKG [5U01CA113916, R01CA140323]; German Cancer Aid [109076]; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); Ligue National Contre le Cancer; Association "Le cancer du sein, parlonsen!" Award; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO); National Cancer Institute grant [CA 27469]; GOG Statistical and Data Center [CA 37517]; GOGs Cancer Prevention and Control Committee [CA 101165]; Intramural Research Program, NCI; ISCIII (Spain) [RD12/00369/0006, 12/00539]; European Regional Development FEDER funds; Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund; Academy of Finland [132473]; Finnish Cancer Society; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Dutch Cancer Society grant [NKI1998-1854, NKI2004-3088, NKI2007-3756]; Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research [NWO 91109024]; Pink Ribbon grant [110005]; BBMRI grant [NWO 184.021.007/CP46]; Hungarian Research Grant [KTIA-OTKA CK-80745]; Norwegian EEA Financial Mechanism [HU0115/NA/2008-3/OP-9]; Spanish Ministry of Health ISCIII FIS [PI10/01422, PI12/01528, PI13/00285]; RTICC [RD12/0036/0008]; Ramon Areces (XV) Foundation; Eugenio Rodriguez Pascual Foundation; Roses Contra el Cancer Foundation; Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC); AGAUR Generalitat de Catalunya [2009-SGR290, 2009-SGR293]; Polish Foundation of Science; Icelandic Association "Walking for Breast Cancer Research"; Nordic Cancer Union; Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund; Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the "CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer" program; Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance-grant [019511]; Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade-grant [PSR-SIIRI-701]; Ministero dellIstruzione, dellUniversita e della Ricerca and Ministero della Salute; Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro; National Breast Cancer Foundation; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); Queensland Cancer Fund; Cancer Council of New South Wales; Cancer Council of Victoria; Cancer Foundation of Western Australia; Cancer Councils of Tasmania; National Institutes of Health grant [CA128978]; NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201]; United States Department of Defence Ovarian Cancer Idea award [W81XWH-10-1-0341]; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Jewish General Hospital Weekend; Quebec Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade; Cancer Councils of South Australia; European Regional Development Fund; State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO) [CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101]; MH CZ-DRO (MMCI) [00209805]; Niehaus Family Genetics Research Fund; STARR Cancer Consortium Grant; NAROD [1R01 CA149429-01]; NCI Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health [NO2-CP-11019-50, N02-CP-65504]; Westat, Inc, Rockville, Maryland; Clalit Health Services in Israel; Israel Cancer Association; Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), New York; Russian Federation for Basic Research [11-04-00227, 12-04-00928, 12-04-01490]; Federal Agency for Science and Innovations, Russia [02.740.11.0780]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the "CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer" program and grant from the National Cancer Institute [UM1 CA164920]; Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR); United States Government or the BCFR; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center; Isreal cancer association; Israeli Inherited breast cancer consortium; Swedish Cancer Society; Ralph and Marion Falk Medical Research Trust; Entertainment Industry Fund National Womens Cancer Research Alliance; National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01-CA102776, R01-CA083855]; Rooney Family Foundation; Susan G. Komen Foundation for the cure, Basser Research Center; American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship [SIOP-06-258-01-COUN]; SAF2010-20493; [PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004]