Suchergebnisse

This study explores the legal context concerning the situation of the indigenous peoples of Guatemala since the arrival of the Spanish in the New World and the segregation of these peoples into separate legal categories created for them by indiano law. In particular, we have paid close attention to the movement from the status of slave to that of free vassal of the Spanish crown beginning with the promulgation of the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. After the Latin-American War of Independence, the legislation of the new Nation-States starts to become adjusted to the needs of farm owners who, just as during the colonial period, require indigenous labourers. Our study argues that in a difficult political context, the indigenous peoples of Guatemala, and especially the Mayas, managed to re-appropriate internal law and international law in defence of their interests. This was made possible by the fact that, despite violent assimilation and slavery policies, they were able to preserve the use of customary law. We wish to show that it was by preserving this law that they were able to organise themselves as a legal people subject to rights and obligations. Thus, our study proves that when the political opportunities were presented, the indigenous peoples were already organised and ready to exploit these opportunities as a basis upon which they were able to demand their rights as indigenous peoples in accordance with international law. ; Cette recherche explore le champ juridique de la condition des indigènes du Guatemala suite à l'arrivée des Espagnols dans le Nouveau Monde et à leur isolement dans des catégories juridiques spécialement créées pour eux par le droit indiano. Nous avons en particulier observé le passage de la catégorie d'esclave à celle de vassal libre de la Couronne à partir de la promulgation des Nouvelles Lois des Indes en 1542. Après la Guerre d'indépendance latino-américaine, les législations des nouveaux Etats-nations s'ajustent aux besoins des propriétaires agricoles qui, de la même façon que lors ...

This study explores the legal context concerning the situation of the indigenous peoples of Guatemala since the arrival of the Spanish in the New World and the segregation of these peoples into separate legal categories created for them by indiano law. In particular, we have paid close attention to the movement from the status of slave to that of free vassal of the Spanish crown beginning with the promulgation of the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. After the Latin-American War of Independence, the legislation of the new Nation-States starts to become adjusted to the needs of farm owners who, just as during the colonial period, require indigenous labourers. Our study argues that in a difficult political context, the indigenous peoples of Guatemala, and especially the Mayas, managed to re-appropriate internal law and international law in defence of their interests. This was made possible by the fact that, despite violent assimilation and slavery policies, they were able to preserve the use of customary law. We wish to show that it was by preserving this law that they were able to organise themselves as a legal people subject to rights and obligations. Thus, our study proves that when the political opportunities were presented, the indigenous peoples were already organised and ready to exploit these opportunities as a basis upon which they were able to demand their rights as indigenous peoples in accordance with international law. ; Cette recherche explore le champ juridique de la condition des indigènes du Guatemala suite à l'arrivée des Espagnols dans le Nouveau Monde et à leur isolement dans des catégories juridiques spécialement créées pour eux par le droit indiano. Nous avons en particulier observé le passage de la catégorie d'esclave à celle de vassal libre de la Couronne à partir de la promulgation des Nouvelles Lois des Indes en 1542. Après la Guerre d'indépendance latino-américaine, les législations des nouveaux Etats-nations s'ajustent aux besoins des propriétaires agricoles qui, de la même façon que lors de la période coloniale, nécessitent de la main-d'oeuvre indigène. Cette thèse défend donc l'idée que, dans un contexte politique difficile, les indigènes du Guatemala, et en particulier les Mayas, ont su s'approprier le droit interne et le droit international pour défendre leurs intérêts. Ceci a été possible car, malgré des politiques esclavagistes et assimilationnistes violentes, ils ont conservé la réglementation juridique consuétudinaire. Nous entendons démontrer que c'est la conservation de leur droit qui leur a permis de s'organiser en tant que peuple sujet de droit qui a des droits et des devoirs. Ainsi, notre étude prouve que quand des opportunités politiques se sont présentées, les indigènes étaient déjà organisés et prêts à les utiliser comme socles sur lesquels ils s'appuient pour revendiquer leurs droits en tant que peuple indigène selon le droit international.