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In Colonial Complexions, historian Sharon Block examines how Anglo-Americans built racial ideologies out of descriptions of physical appearance. By analyzing more than 4,000 advertisements for fugitive servants and slaves in colonial newspapers alongside scores of transatlantic sources, she reveals how colonists transformed observable characteristics into racist reality. Building on her expertise in digital humanities, Block repurposes these well-known historical sources to newly highlight how daily language called race and identity into being before the rise of scientific racism.In the eighteenth century, a multitude of characteristics beyond skin color factored into racial assumptions, and complexion did not have a stable or singular meaning. Colonists justified a race-based slave labor system not by opposing black and white but by accumulating differences in the bodies they described: racism was made real by marking variation from a norm on some bodies, and variation as the norm on others. Such subtle systemizations of racism naturalized enslavement into bodily description, erased Native American heritage, and privileged life history as a crucial marker of free status only for people of European-based identities.Colonial Complexions suggests alternative possibilities to modern formulations of racial identities and offers a precise historical analysis of the beliefs behind evolving notions of race-based differences in North American history.

"Designed to encourage critical thinking about history, the Major Problems in American History series introduces students to both primary sources and analytical essays on important topics in U.S. history. Major Problems in American Women's History is the leading reader for courses on the history of American women, covering the subject's entire chronological span. While attentive to the roles of women and the details of women's lives, the authors are especially concerned with issues of historical interpretation and historiography"--Publisher description

"What, Where, When and Sometimes Why" provides a quantitative overview of post-c.1450 women's history publications by data mining a half million abstracts from two widely used article databases. We assess changes in the field and track the relationship between women's history as a subfield and history as a whole. Among many other findings, we argue against two popular beliefs about women's history: that women's historians are overly-focused on recent history and that women's and gender history is an ever increasing proportion of the profession. We trace publication shifts from 1985–2005, showing, for example, an increasing focus on various non-Western and nineteenth-century histories. Our case study on the history of sexuality finds minimal attention to reproduction and same-sex sexuality, and more thematic similarities across time periods than regions. We conclude by suggesting areas for future research, including the expansion of quantitative studies, of non-Western histories, and of professional activism as means to further develop women's history scholarship.

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Fostering More-Competitive Labor Markets -- The Legal Case for Reform -- Labor Market Competition: Framing the Issues -- Fighting Monopsony: A Lack of Competition that Harms Workers -- Fair Competition in Labor Markets Requires a Policymaker's Thumb on the Workers' Side of the Scale -- How Antitrust Law Can Help-Instead of Hurt-Workers -- Protecting Competition on Behalf of the People: The Role of State Attorneys General in Challening Noncompetes and Other Restraints on Employee Mobility -- Are Noncompetes Holding Down Wages? -- Fostering More-Competitive Labor Markets through Transparent Wages -- Having Their Cake and Eating It Too: Antitrust Laws and the Fissured Workplace -- Forced Arbitration: A Losing Proposition for Workers -- Federal Evidence-Based Competition Policy -- Addressing Labor Market Competition at the State Level -- Contributors -- Index -- Back Cover.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction, or, Why Do the History of Heterosexuality? -- Part I: Difference and Desire since the Seventeenth Century -- 1. Toward a Cultural Poetics of Desire in a World before Heterosexuality -- 2. The Strange Career of Interracial Heterosexuality -- 3. Age Disparity, Marriage, and the Gendering of Heterosexuality -- 4. "Deviant Heterosexuality" and Model- Minority Families: Asian American History and Racialized Heteronormativity -- Part II: Difference, Bodies, and Popular Culture -- 5. Defining Sexes, Desire, and Heterosexuality in Colonial British America -- 6. Spectacles of Restraint: Race, Excess, and Heterosexuality in Early American Print Culture -- 7. Heterosexual Inversions: Satire, Parody, and Comedy in the 1950s and 1960s -- Part III: Embracing and Contesting Legitimacy -- 8. Holding the Line: Mexicans and Heterosexuality in the Nineteenth- Century West -- 9. Suburban Swing: Heterosexual Marriage and Spouse Swapping in the 1950s and 1960s -- 10. Race, Sexual Citizenship, and the Constitution of Nonmarital Motherhood -- Part IV: Discourses of Desire -- 11. Restoring "Virginal Conditions" and Reinstating the "Normal": Episiotomy in 1920 -- 12. How Heterosexuality Became Religious: Judeo- Christian Morality and the Remaking of Sex in Twentieth- Century America -- 13. The Price of Shame: Second- Wave Feminism and the Lewinsky- Clinton Scandal -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Index