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This book proposes a new concept of "International Leadership with Chinese Characteristics" (ILCC) to interpret China's role in global governance. The author illustrates how the concept of ILCC is built on the basis of the discussion of Chinese political culture and Chinese worldview of international relations and develops a four-step interpretive process as a guidance for conducting the empirical analysis of the ILCC. The book also shows how Chinese elites conceptually construct and practically implement the ILCC in four case studies – G20, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Peng Bo is an Assistant research fellow at the Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) in Beijing. .

AbstractCorporate governance (CG) is the system of rules, procedures, and processes by which an organization is operated and controlled. Effective corporate governance helps mitigate risk by ensuring the company complies with applicable laws and regulations and maintains appropriate internal controls. CG is an essential aspect of the overall management of companies and can have a significant impact on their Financial Performance (FP). In China, CG practices have undergone significant modifications over the last few years as the country shifted from a centrally planned economy to a market‐based economy. The study's novelty evaluated the effect of corporate governance on finance and Chinese‐listed firm creation. Data obtained from 345 employees working in 8 firms in China, the relationship between CG, financial performance, and innovation is investigated. The study adopted PLS‐SEM analysis and the findings of the study indicate that CG is positively related to better FP and innovation output. The study analysis found that firms with stronger governance structures have better access to external financing, lower agency costs, and higher levels of innovation investment. Also, the result identified that improving CG can lead to better FP and innovation, which in turn improves the firm's competitiveness and long‐term sustainability.

It has been nearly 50 years since the promulgation of the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975. What changes have taken place in the Federal Rules of Evidence for a long time? For the evidence legislation in China, it is a very noteworthy issue. Through historical analysis and comparative research, we can find that the development of the Federal Rules of Evidence can be roughly divided into two stages: the first is the exploratory stage, during which the Federal Rules of Evidence were neglected and Congress continued to be actively involved. The second is the rapid development stage, during which the Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence were established and the number and quality of revisions steadily increased. The following major trends can be seen in the development of the Federal Rules of Evidence: Congress was replaced as the primary body responsible for updating the Federal Rules of Evidence by a special Advisory Committee on the rules of Evidence; the Rules of Evidence's form changed from fragmented common law to systematic codification; the exclusionary rule's scope of exceptions and judges' discretion gradually expanded; the level of procedural safeguards increased; and the Rules of Evidence were influenced by the development of electronic evidence and the Internet. For the development of China's evidence law, what can be inspired is that we need to systematize and codify the evidence rules, establish a special evidence law committee, strengthen the procedural guarantee, and pay attention to the evidence rules in the digital age.

This book proposes a new concept of "International Leadership with Chinese Characteristics" (ILCC) to interpret China's role in global governance. The author illustrates how the concept of ILCC is built on the basis of the discussion of Chinese political culture and Chinese worldview of international relations and develops a four-step interpretive process as a guidance for conducting the empirical analysis of the ILCC. The book also shows how Chinese elites conceptually construct and practically implement the ILCC in four case studies - G20, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

The transition of the global financial governance system is a history of the rise and fall of the Western advanced countries in the post-war international political and economic system. Since the end of the Second World War, the International Monetary Foundation and the World Bank have always taken the dominant role in the field of global financial governance. However, after the beginning of the global financial crisis in 2008, many drawbacks have become apparent concerning these two significant institutions, such as the lack of representatives, the slow and ineffective response to the crisis, etc. Following a strong appeal from the developing countries (with the emerging powers as their representatives), the global financial governance system has experienced several rounds of reforms which have yet to yield acceptable results. Therefore, it is highly necessary to create a new institution which can play a complementary role in the existing financial governance system rather than overthrow it. Complying with the tide of history, the official establishment of the BRICS Bank can be of great significance to the reform of current global financial governance systems such as diversifying the global financial governance bodies, representing the interests of developing countries in a better way, enhancing the status and improving the importance of emerging economies in the international political and economic order. Admittedly, the BRICS Bank also faces great challenges and limits such as the lack of a core leadership and the absence of a unified currency, etc.

彭博 【摘要】全球金融治理体系的变迁,是一部西方发达国家在战后国际政治经济体系中由盛转向相对衰落的历史。战后由美国主导建立起来的国际货币基金组织和世界银行,在全球金融治理领域一直占据着绝对的统治地位。然而,随着2008年全球金融危机的爆发,上述两个机构逐渐暴露其诸多弊端,例如代表性不足,不能对危机做出及时、妥善的反应与处理等,其合法性也日益遭受质疑和挑战。正是在以新兴国家为代表的广大发展中国家的强烈呼吁下,全球金融治理体系历经了几轮改革,但结果依旧不尽如人意。为此,创建一个新的、对原有机制起到补充作用的金融治理机制显得尤为迫切。金砖银行的成立,正是适应了这一历史发展潮流,其对全球金融治理体系的意义主要体现在:使全球金融治理主体更加多元化、能够更好地代表发展中国家的利益、提高以金砖国家为代表的新兴经济体在国际政治经济秩序中的作用和地位。当然,金砖银行同样面临着诸如缺乏领导核心、货币不统一等局限和挑战。The transition of the global financial governance system is a history of the rise and fall of the Western advanced countries in the post-war international political and economic system. Since the end of the Second World War, the International Monetary Foundation and the World Bank have always taken the dominant role in the field of global financial governance. However, after the beginning of the global financial crisis in 2008, many drawbacks have become apparent concerning these two significant institutions, such as the lack of representatives, the slow and ineffective response to the crisis, etc. Following a strong appeal from the developing countries (with the emerging powers as their representatives), the global financial governance system has experienced several rounds of reforms which have yet to yield acceptable results. Therefore, it is highly necessary to create a new institution which can play a complementary role in the existing financial governance system rather than overthrow it. Complying with the tide of history, the official establishment of the BRICS Bank can be of great significance to the reform of current global financial governance systems such as diversifying the global financial governance bodies, representing the interests of developing countries in a better way, enhancing the status and improving the importance of emerging economies in the international political and economic order. Admittedly, the BRICS Bank also faces great challenges and limits such as the lack of a core leadership and the absence of a unified currency, etc.

In recent years, governance has been the focus of growing attention among Chinese researchers. Along with "authoritarianism" and "urban society", "governance" is the new theoretical framework for many university studies. Despite a change in terminology, the problems remain identical: the debate centres on the mechanism by which relations are carried on between the state and society in a developing nation such as China. We consider that the term "governance" helps in forming a new understanding of how Chinese public services work. In that pursuit we must not confine ourselves within normative experience but combine field study with theory. Thus, this article is based upon the case study of mediation within the urban communities of Shanghai. Our research in this field is only just beginning; and preliminary conclusions must be considered together as a still unconfirmed hypothesis. (China Perspect/DÜI)

The tremendous impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on societal, political, and economic rhythms has given rise to a significant overall shift from pre- to post-pandemic policies. Restrictions, stay-at-home regulations, and lockdowns have directly influenced day-to-day urban transportation flow. The rise of door-to-door services and the demand for visiting medical facilities, grocery stores, and restaurants has had a significant impact on urban transportation modal demand, further impacting zonal parking demand distribution. This study reviews the overall impacts of the pandemic on urban transportation with respect to a variety of policy changes in different cities. The parking demand shift was investigated by exploring the during- and post-COVID-19 parking policies of distinct metropolises. The detailed data related to Melbourne city parking, generated by the Internet of things (IoT), such as sensors and devices, are examined. Empirical data from 2019 (16 March to 26 May) and 2020 (16 March to 26 May) are explored in-depth using explanatory data analysis to demonstrate the demand and average parking duration shifts from district to district. The results show that the experimental zones of Docklands, Queensbery, Southbanks, Titles, and Princess Theatre areas have experienced a decrease in percentage change of vehicle presence of 29.2%, 36.3%, 37.7%, 23.7% and 40.9%, respectively. Furthermore, on-street level analysis of Princess Theatre zone, Lonsdale Street, Exhibition Street, Spring Street, and Little Bourke Street parking bays indicated a decrease in percentage change of vehicle presence of 38.7%, 56.4%, 12.6%, and 35.1%, respectively. In conclusion, future potential policymaking frameworks are discussed that could provide further guidance in stipulating epidemic prevention and control policies, particularly in relation to parking regulations during the pandemic.

Intellectual property rights protection (IPRP) has caused great concern in China, especially since the introduction of the Belt and Road (B& ; R) initiative. The Chinese government has increased investments to the countries along the B& ; R, most of which are developing countries with high investment risks. Using the panel data of China&rsquo ; s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in 121 countries from 2003 to 2017, the sustainable relationships between the IPRP of host countries and China&rsquo ; s OFDI has been analyzed. The results of this paper show that, from the worldwide perspective, the stronger the IPRP of the host country, the greater attraction to China&rsquo ; s OFDI. While the IPRP of the countries along the B& ; R has a nonlinear U-shaped effect on China&rsquo ; s OFDI, which is related to the complex environments of the countries. When the IPRP of the B& ; R countries is within a certain range, China&rsquo ; s OFDI is biased toward a country with lower IPRP, and when the IPRP exceeds a certain range, China&rsquo ; s OFDI is biased toward a country with higher IPRP. Moreover, the market size, natural resources endowment and political environment of the host country are influential upon China&rsquo ; s OFDI as well. What deserves our attention is that China&rsquo ; s OFDI is more biased towards countries with poor political conditions, which can be related to the enterprise type and that most of the large multinational enterprises in China are state-controlled, resulting in investment decisions largely reflected by the national political goals rather than simple market targets.

International audience ; Village and town are the basic unit of our society, there vigorously development in social management and innovative plays an important role in promoting economic growth, maintaining social stability, improving people's living environment and other aspects, but the traditional government management mode can not meet the claim of the social development of the villages. Based on the idea of grid management model, this paper presents the principles and method of grid cell division in the process of the gird management in the village community, and to analyze the division method so as to provide evidence for the scientific, rational division of community grid unit.

Different streams of research have led to contradictory conclusions about the venture performance implications of founders' breadth of experience. Although extant empirical studies have explored the performance implications of founders' breadth of experience at the start-up stage, we focus on the later stage of the initial public offering (IPO). We theorize that investors categorize venture founders based on two salient dimensions—their industry and functional background—and we relate this categorization to resource acquisition at IPO. To test our model, we use a hand-collected data set of 175 entrepreneurial IPOs in the Alternative Investment Market in London (2002–2013) and two randomized experiments. We theorize and find that compared with entrepreneurial ventures with a lead founder specializing in one industry or one function, investors generally devalue those with a category-spanning lead founder (a generalist). However, devaluation is less severe when a lead founder is a generalist in one dimension (e.g., industry) but a specialist in the other dimension (e.g., function). We also theorize and empirically test trust as a mechanism for the generalist penalty. Specifically, audience members (investors) have low trust in a generalist producer (founder) in contexts where the two parties consider entering into a partnership (equity investment at IPO), and so that generalist producer is devalued. Finally, we show that an external expert endorsement—in our case, from intensive venture capital affiliations—offsets the generalist penalty, especially when category spanning occurs in multiple category dimensions. Funding: This work was supported by the University of St. Gallen and the Natural Science of China [Grant 71832012]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1581 .