Suchergebnisse

Cet article analyse les relations entre transition démographique, transition urbaine et croissance économique au Kenya depuis les années 1960. À partir d'une enquête biographique portant sur trois générations de Nairobiens, il examine l'effet de la crise économique sur l'évolution de la structure de l'emploi et souligne l'étonnante domination du secteur formel y compris durant la dernière décennie. Les caractères de l'habitat sont également étudiés et révèlent des inégalités grandissantes pour l'accès au logement.

Résumé Bocquier (Philippe). - Les relations entre mortalité des enfants et espacement des naissances dans la banlieue de Dakar (Sénégal) Jusqu'à présent, les relations entre mortalité infanto-juvénile et espacement des naissances ont été peu étudiées en Afrique de l'Ouest francophone, spécialement en milieu urbain. Dans cet article, nous nous servons des données d'une enquête rétrospective, menée en 1986 sur 2807 femmes de 15 à 49 ans, habitant la banlieue de Dakar, capitale du Sénégal. La méthode non paramétrique d'analyse des interférences entre phénomènes permet de dégager des résultats intéressants, qui ont quelques conséquences pratiques au niveau des politiques de population. D'abord, il existe bien une forme de contrôle des naissances chez les femmes de Pikine, mais elle ne s'exerce qu'au-delà du 6e enfant. Ensuite, la venue d'un nouvel enfant n'augmente pas le risque de mortalité juvénile de celui qui le précède.

BACKGROUND Past analyses lead to contradictory results as to whether migration, demographic transition, or economic development is the main driver of urban transition. Results depend heavily on the analytical strategy. OBJECTIVE This paper's aim is to identify different profiles of economic activity and their effect on urban transition over the 19th century in France to test three hypotheses: economic development acts on urban transition through migration; political and economic shocks better explain variations in the migration component of urbanisation than its natural components; the diffusion of the urban growth model of large cities explains urban transition in peripheral areas. METHOD The paper uses census data from 80 French counties – excluding Paris, Corsica, and counties disputed by Germany and Italy – for 1856 to 1891. Each component of urbanisation at county level is regressed on employment structure, controlling for neighbouring urbanisation and for distance to Paris and nearest large city. RESULTS Results confirm conclusions for Sweden and Belgium demonstrating that migration drove 19th-century urban transition. The migration component of urban transition is far more sensitive to employment structure and to political and economic instability than the natural components. The diffusion effect is marginal. CONCLUSIONS Results concur with the hypothesis that the redistribution of economic production through migration, and not the demographic transition, drove the urban transition. CONTRIBUTION The relationship between economic development and urban transition is assessed through the interaction of employment profile and period. Similar methodology could be used to analyse urban transition in contemporary low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND Past analyses lead to contradictory results as to whether migration, demographic transition, or economic development is the main driver of urban transition. Results depend heavily on the analytical strategy. OBJECTIVE This paper's aim is to identify different profiles of economic activity and their effect on urban transition over the 19th century in France to test three hypotheses: economic development acts on urban transition through migration; political and economic shocks better explain variations in the migration component of urbanisation than its natural components; the diffusion of the urban growth model of large cities explains urban transition in peripheral areas. METHOD The paper uses census data from 80 French counties – excluding Paris, Corsica, and counties disputed by Germany and Italy – for 1856 to 1891. Each component of urbanisation at county level is regressed on employment structure, controlling for neighbouring urbanisation and for distance to Paris and nearest large city. RESULTS Results confirm conclusions for Sweden and Belgium demonstrating that migration drove 19th-century urban transition. The migration component of urban transition is far more sensitive to employment structure and to political and economic instability than the natural components. The diffusion effect is marginal. CONCLUSIONS Results concur with the hypothesis that the redistribution of economic production through migration, and not the demographic transition, drove the urban transition. CONTRIBUTION The relationship between economic development and urban transition is assessed through the interaction of employment profile and period. Similar methodology could be used to analyse urban transition in contemporary low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND Past analyses lead to contradictory results as to whether migration, demographic transition, or economic development is the main driver of urban transition. Results depend heavily on the analytical strategy. OBJECTIVE This paper's aim is to identify different profiles of economic activity and their effect on urban transition over the 19th century in France to test three hypotheses: economic development acts on urban transition through migration; political and economic shocks better explain variations in the migration component of urbanisation than its natural components; the diffusion of the urban growth model of large cities explains urban transition in peripheral areas. METHOD The paper uses census data from 80 French counties – excluding Paris, Corsica, and counties disputed by Germany and Italy – for 1856 to 1891. Each component of urbanisation at county level is regressed on employment structure, controlling for neighbouring urbanisation and for distance to Paris and nearest large city. RESULTS Results confirm conclusions for Sweden and Belgium demonstrating that migration drove 19th-century urban transition. The migration component of urban transition is far more sensitive to employment structure and to political and economic instability than the natural components. The diffusion effect is marginal. CONCLUSIONS Results concur with the hypothesis that the redistribution of economic production through migration, and not the demographic transition, drove the urban transition. CONTRIBUTION The relationship between economic development and urban transition is assessed through the interaction of employment profile and period. Similar methodology could be used to analyse urban transition in contemporary low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND Past analyses lead to contradictory results as to whether migration, demographic transition, or economic development is the main driver of urban transition. Results depend heavily on the analytical strategy. OBJECTIVE This paper's aim is to identify different profiles of economic activity and their effect on urban transition over the 19th century in France to test three hypotheses: economic development acts on urban transition through migration; political and economic shocks better explain variations in the migration component of urbanisation than its natural components; the diffusion of the urban growth model of large cities explains urban transition in peripheral areas. METHOD The paper uses census data from 80 French counties – excluding Paris, Corsica, and counties disputed by Germany and Italy – for 1856 to 1891. Each component of urbanisation at county level is regressed on employment structure, controlling for neighbouring urbanisation and for distance to Paris and nearest large city. RESULTS Results confirm conclusions for Sweden and Belgium demonstrating that migration drove 19th-century urban transition. The migration component of urban transition is far more sensitive to employment structure and to political and economic instability than the natural components. The diffusion effect is marginal. CONCLUSIONS Results concur with the hypothesis that the redistribution of economic production through migration, and not the demographic transition, drove the urban transition. CONTRIBUTION The relationship between economic development and urban transition is assessed through the interaction of employment profile and period. Similar methodology could be used to analyse urban transition in contemporary low- and middle-income countries.

SummaryUsing retrospective data from the Urban Integration Survey conducted in 2001 in Nairobi, Kenya, on a sample of 955 women and men aged 25–54, this paper compares factors influencing entry into union formation for men and women. The analysis uses event history methods, specifically Cox Proportional Hazards regression, stratified by age cohort and run separately by sex. The results indicate that delay in union formation is more pronounced for women than for men. Cohabitation without formal marriage is the prominent form of union, especially among the younger generation, and appears to have increased. For men, the timing of union is more dependent upon human capital acquisition than on cultural factors. These findings show that the marriage search model, which was first applied in Western countries, can also hold in cities of developing countries. Nonetheless, neither the search model nor the integration or the independence models apply to women's union formation, which very few exogenous factors can explain.

La collecte des biographies par l'intermédiaire d'une enquête rétrospective permet de recueillir différentes informations sur les origmes familiales de l'enquêté, sur l'intervention de la parenté au cours des changements résidentiels et professionnels, et sur l'évolution de sa situation familiale (vie matrimoniale et devenir des enfants). Nous présentons ici la solution retenue pour saisir la parenté aussi bien par rapport à une tierce personne qu'au sein du ménage, et les possibilités d'analyse offertes à partir d'exemples tirés de l'étude IFAN-ORSTOM menée à Dakar. Notre analyse suggère que la crise conforte la dépendance des plus jeunes envers les aînés. Le mode de vie urbain ne semble pas, à Dakar, être un facteur de déstructuration des familles. C'est pour l'instant la solidarité familiale qui sert d'amortisseur aux conséquences de la crise.