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The signif of the term `intellectual' is marked by the circumstances of its origin at the time of the Dreyfus affair. The definitions are varied: the intellectual can be defined by the profession to which he belongs (a member of the U's, of the medical or legal professions, a higher administrator, engineer, artist, etc); the notion of culture can also be used to characterize the intellectual (it is certain that among the intellectuals there are those who create & distribute culture); most frequently, the intellectual is defined in moral terms by the role which he attributes to himself (he is then a creator of values). However, we cannot assume that the intellectuals form a homogeneous group: important diff's exist among them (in income, in time, in space, etc). Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Theories of what determines research performance have evolved from political and economic science, amongst other disciplines. Contemporary research shows that universities have a problematic work environment characterized by bullying, insecure jobs, and dysfunctional leadership. In this study, we explore the relationship between the psycho-social work environment (PSWE) and research performance. The study consists of longitudinal data from a medical university in Sweden. PSWE was assessed by employee surveys and the outcome was register data from 8 years of bibliometrics and external funding. SEM-analyses were applied building on theoretical and empirical models. Results show that PSWE explained future research performance, with the highest impact on the quality of publications. The most important PSWE factors for good performance were fair, considerate leaders and a supportive social climate. The results suggest that improving the psycho-social work environment at the universities could be one strategy to improve research performance. ; This study is funded by Karolinska Institutet.

This paper considers a class of network optimization problems in which certain directed arcs must be covered by a set of cycles. Our study was motivated by a distribution planning problem of a commercial firm that had to make deliveries over several origin‐destination pairs (directed arcs) and that could service any demand arc by using a vehicle in its own fleet or by paying a common carrier. The problem is to determine an optimal fleet size and the resulting vehicle routes while satisfying maximum route‐time restrictions. We formulate the problem, describe some approximate solution strategies, and discuss important implementation issues.