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The politics is one of the unavoidable constituent of organizational climate in all types of business organizations. Antecedents and consequences of organizational politics and use of influence strategies are very important to consider in an organizational setup when allocating resources and satisfying the interdependencies. However, little is known about the differences among males and females how they use these influence tactics. In this review, the authors have proposed a model which explicitly elaborates the view how the gender differences interact with perceptions of organizational politics when it impacts on job performance. The previous literature supports the fact that males and females differ significantly on perceptions of politics and work performance relationship. The proposed theoretical model for research in multiple dimensions, i.e. power and politics, influence tactics and political behavior may unveil the players' behaviors in politicized organizations.

Organizational politics is a fact of organizational life, which can be seen in almost every type of organization globally. Individuals come together for a common purpose and safeguard self interest. The present study examines the moderating role of social exchange perceptions between perceived organizational politics and antisocial behavior in Pakistani context. The empirical evidence is based on the national level sample data as collected through self-administered questionnaires from executives of multitude of Pakistani industries such as health, manufacturing, energy, financial services, education, telecommunication, and information technology. The sample comprised of 577 respondents. Moderated hierarchical regression was applied to test the interactional effects and hypothesized relationships were confirmed. Several practical implications have been provided for the benefit of practicing managers.

Perceptions of Organizational politics are very important aspect of Organizational life with respect to its members as these influence various processes which ultimately affect performance of employees. Previous studies have investigated impact of political perceptions either on extra role performance of employees (exhibited through organizational citizenship behaviors) or various other attitudes and behaviors. This study investigates the relationship of perceptions of organizational politics with multidimensional performance of employees which is measured through organizational citizenship behavior-individual as well as organizational and in role performance of employees simultaneously. Moreover the process through which these perceptions operate is also investigated in the light of social exchange theory and reciprocity norms. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires from employees working in different organizations at national level and was used as aggregate. Overall 1360 surveys were distributed among which 1163 useable questionnaires (for a response rate of 85.51%) were returned filled and were entered into SPSS 20 for analysis. AMOS 20 was used for developing structural and measurement model in structural equation modeling and for testing mediation through bootstrap strategy. The standardized indirect effect revealed that perceptions of social exchange fully mediate the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employees' performance. The implications, limitations and future directions are also provided.

Manufacturing sector of Pakistan accounts for 19.1 percent of
GDP and is the second largest sector of the economy. It grew by 8.4
percent during 2007 as against 10 percent last year. In the
manufacturing sector, large scale manufacturing (LSM), plays a vital
role and accounts for approximately 70 percent of overall manufacturing
[Economic Survey of Pakistan (2006-07)]. During 2006-07 relatively
slower pace of expansion exhibits signs of moderation on accounts of
higher capacity utilisation, difficulties in the textile sector and
lower than expected scale of operations of oil refineries. A number of
other factors have also contributed to the low pace of expansion in
manufacturing including zero percent growth in raw cotton production
which is a critical input for the textile industry, vegetable ghee and
cooking oil which comprise about 5.5 percent of the LSM sector, showed
uninspiring performance due to unparalleled rise in international palm
and soybean oil prices. The performance of the automobile sector has
been far less impressive this year as compared to previous five years
due to a fall in domestic demand for cars on account of increasing auto
financing rates. The higher imports of used cars in the beginning of
fiscal year 2006-07 also affected the performance of domestic auto
mobile sector.