Suchergebnisse

"Der Artikel befasst sich mit den Dilemmata der Arbeitnehmervertretung in multinationalen Unternehmen und stützt sich dabei auf empirische Befunde aus dem Bereich multinationaler Unternehmen mit Niederlassungen in den Niederlanden. Dabei werden zwei Dimensionen unterschieden, nämlich der Grad der Internationalisierung der Arbeitsbeziehungen und die Art und Weise des Zusammenspiels von Management und Arbeitnehmervertretern. Die Analyse zeigt, dass mit dezentralisierten Verhandlungen und lokalen Produktivitätskoalitionen bislang zwei Typen der Arbeitsbeziehungen große Verbreitung finden, die sich auf den Betrieb als zentralen Orientierungspunkt der Gewerkschaftspolitik beziehen. Die nationale Grenzen überschreitenden Formen der Arbeitsbeziehungen (Typus internationale Unternehmensgewerkschaften und internationale Koordination) ergaben sich - wenn überhaupt - lediglich in rudimentärer Form. Zwar kam es vielfach zur Internationalisierung der Personalpolitik von Unternehmen, von Seiten der Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte konnte dem allerdings bislang nichts entgegengesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat)

Background: A consortium of six research groups estimated the impact on lung cancer mortality of changes in smoking behavior that began around the publication of the Surgeon General's report (SGR). This chapter presents the results of that effort. We quantified the cumulative impact of changes in smoking behaviors on lung cancer mortality in the United States over the period 1975–2000. Methods: The six groups used common inputs and independent models to estimate the number of U.S. lung cancer deaths averted over the period 1975–2000 as a result of changes in smoking behavior beginning in the mid fifties, and the number of deaths that could have been averted if tobacco control had completely eliminated all smoking following issuance of the first SGR on Smoking and Health in 1964. Results: Approximately 795,000 deaths (550,000 men and 245,000 women) were averted over the period 1975–2000 as a result of changes in smoking behavior since in 1950s. In the year 2000 alone approximately 70,000 lung cancer deaths were averted (44,000 among men and 26,000 among women). However, these represent approximately 30% of lung cancer deaths that could have potentially been averted over the period 1975–2000 if smoking was eliminated completely. In the 10‐year period 1991–2000, this fraction increased to about 37%. Conclusions: Our results show the substantial impact of changes in smoking behavior since the 1950s. Despite a major impact of changing smoking behaviors, tobacco control effort are still needed to further reduce the burden of this disease.

The framework of the European social dialogue (ESD) has enabled interest organizations at the European level to conclude agreements on a wide range of social policy issues. This applies both at the inter-sectoral level and within the various sectors, and has led in the last few decades to the creation of a large number of joint texts. This article addresses the issue of the added value of these results for the parties concluding them. It is argued that the ESD does not constitute a system of industrial relations at the European level, but serves as an alternative lobbying channel for the social partners involved.

Dissemination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in the United States coincided with an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, a shift to earlier stage disease at diagnosis, and decreasing prostate cancer mortality. We compared PSA screening performance with respect to prostate cancer detection in the US population vs in the Rotterdam section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC-Rotterdam). We developed a simulation model for prostate cancer and PSA screening for ERSPC-Rotterdam. This model was then adapted to the US population by replacing demography parameters with US-specific ones and the screening protocol with the frequency of PSA tests in the US population. We assumed that the natural progression of prostate cancer and the sensitivity of a PSA test followed by a biopsy were the same in the United States as in ERSPC-Rotterdam. The predicted prostate cancer incidence peak in the United States was then substantially higher than the observed prostate cancer incidence peak (13.3 vs 8.1 cases per 1000 man-years). However, the actual observed incidence was reproduced by assuming a substantially lower PSA test sensitivity in the United States than in ERSPC-Rotterdam. For example, for nonpalpable local-or regional-stage cancers (ie, stage T1M0), the estimates of PSA test sensitivity were 0.26 in the United States vs 0.94 in ERSPC-Rotterdam. We conclude that the efficacy of PSA screening in detecting prostate cancer was lower in the United States than in ERSPC-Rotterdam.