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This book is devoted to the cultural and biological dimensions and values of landscapes, linking the concepts of biodiversity, landscape and culture and presenting an essential approach for landscape analysis, interpretation and sustainable dynamics.Early chapters explore the concepts and values of biocultural landscapes, before addressing the methodology to identify the relationship between biological and cultural diversity. The volume continuous with a series of case studies and with an exploration of the key role of biocultural diversity in contemporary landscape ecology.Readers will learn the importance of landscapes for different fields of natural and human sciences and are confronted to the trans-disciplinary nature of the landscape concept itself. A hierarchical approach to landscapes, in which they are composed of interacting (eco)systems, is shown to be essential in recognizing their emergent properties.In this work, the biocultural values of landscapes are explored through their diversity in geographical scopes, methodological approaches and conceptual assumptions. Authors from Asia, Europe and North-America present diverse research experiences and views on biocultural landscapes, their pattern, conservation and management.Landscape ecologists will find this work particularly appealing, as well as anyone with an interest in sustainable landscape development, nature conservation or cultural heritage management.This volume is the outcome of a symposium on "Biodiversity in Cultural Landscapes", organized in the framework of the 8th IALE World Congress, held in Beijing in 2011.

The dynamics of two cities between two years (2002 and 2010 for Kisangani; 2002 and 2008 for Lubumbashi, both part of the Democratic Republic of Congo) have been examined in order to estimate how their extension and/or of the densification have impacted the urban internal and peripheral ecosystems. This study singularizes itself from the subjective ones by its quantified and objective approach based on landscape ecology. This discipline assumes that the landscape pattern description is important because, according to its central hypothesis called "pattern-process paradigm", the ecological processes influence landscape structure and vice versa. Composition metrics, which are commonly used in landscape ecology, describe the pattern among other things in quantifying the presence and the number of patches from the various classes within the landscape. For each city two SPOT 5 images were classified with a oriented-object supervised approach; then built area proportion index, a composition landscape metric, has been evaluated in order to 1) identify the extent of each area (urban, suburban, rural) within the urban-rural gradient, 2) quantify the dynamic of the different areas in the urban-rural gradient during the last decade and 3) quantify the effect of a decade of urban and suburban growth on ecosystems. The similarities and differences between these cities, relevance and gaps in the method have then been identified and discussed.

The patterns and dynamics of two cities between two years (2002 and 2010 for Kisangani; 2002 and 2008 for Lubumbashi, both part of the Democratic Republic of Congo) have been examined in order to estimate how they influence the impact of extension and/or of densification on urban internal and peripheral ecosystems. For each city two SPOT 5 images were classified with a oriented-object supervised approach; then composition landscape metrics (built area proportion index, anthropized surface proportion index, equitability index of area proportion of classes, dominant class index, dominant class proportion index) have been evaluated in order to 1) identify the extend of each area (urban, suburban, rural) within the urban-rural gradient, 2) quantify the most commonly cited morphological characteristics to describe these different areas and 3) quantify the dynamic of the different areas during this decade. Landscape ecology assumes that the landscape pattern description is important because, according to the central hypothesis called "pattern-process paradigm", the ecological processes influence landscape structure and vice versa. Composition metrics, which are commonly used in landscape ecology, describe the pattern among other things in quantifying the presence and the number of patches from the various classes within the landscape. This study singularizes itself from the subjective ones by its quantified and objective approach. The similarities and differences between these cities, relevance and gaps in the method have then been identified and discussed. The results of this study are aimed to be used by urban planners for the evaluation of the potential resistance of internal and peripheral natural ecosystems to the extension and/or the densification of a given city, taking into account its pattern and dynamic. It might help them in their choice between different planning alternatives.

Les dynamiques et patrons paysagers de deux villes entre deux années (Kisangani entre 2002 et 2010 ; Lubumbashi entre 2002 et 2008, en République Démocratique du Congo) ont été étudiés afin d'évaluer leur influence sur l'impact de l'extension et/ou densification de ces villes, et plus particulièrement de leur zone périurbaine, sur leurs écosystèmes internes et périphériques. En effet, le patron paysager occupe une place fondamentale dans l'hypothèse centrale de l'écologie du paysage, appelée pattern-process paradigm puisqu'il influence les processus écologiques et inversement. Sa description et son analyse sont donc particulièrement importantes (Bogaert et al. 2004; Coulson et al. 1999). Les indices de composition, communément utilisés en écologie du paysage, décrivent entre autres le patron en quantifiant la présence et le nombre de taches issues des différentes classes du paysage (Alberti 2008). D'autre part, les villes ne cessant d'augmenter leur emprise sur les paysages dont elles font partie, l'étude des espaces qui les ceinturent, le phénomène de leur extension dans les régions rurales ainsi que les schémas conceptuels de leur morphologie et dynamique interne sont plus que jamais des sujets d'actualité (Bhatta et al., 2010; Borsdorf et al., 2002; De Blij, 1977; Gaston, 2010; Halleux, 2006). Paradoxalement, les scientifiques de différentes disciplines peinent à donner une définition, des caractéristiques et des limites acceptées par tous aux notions se rattachant aux différentes zones présentes dans le gradient urbain-rural. Cette étude se distingue des autres, généralement subjectives, par son approche quantifiée et objective. Pour chacune des deux villes, deux images SPOT 5 ont été classifiées sur base d'une approche orientée-objet (Definiens 2013). Ensuite, des indices de composition paysagère ont été évalués afin 1) d'identifier l'étendue de chaque zone (urbaine, périurbaine, rurale) au sein du gradient urbain-rural en utilisant les définitions de zones proposées par André et al. (sous presse), 2) de décrire ces différentes zones en quantifiant les caractéristiques morphologiques les plus couramment citées avant d'en borner les valeurs (André et al. 2012) et 3) de quantifier la dynamique des différentes zones au cours de la dernière décade. Ensuite, les similarités et différences entre ces villes ainsi que la pertinence et les faiblesses de la méthode ont été identifiées et discutées. Les résultats de cette étude ont pour ambition de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension et prise en compte du rôle du patron paysager dans la résistance potentielle des écosystèmes naturels à l'extension et/ou la densification d'une ville donnée.

Les impacts du changement climatique et des activités humaines constituent les principaux facteurs de modélisation de la structure et composition des paysages au Niger. Cette étude, réalisée dans les paysages anthropisés semi-arides des communes contigües d'Aguié, Tchadoua et Gangara dans la région de Maradi, a pour objectif d'analyser la dynamique spatio-temporelle des paysages, relativement aux changements d'occupation/utilisation des terres. L'utilisation d'une approche cartographique diachronique basée sur le traitement d'images satellitaires Landsat multicapteurs et multidates (MSS 1976, TM 1988 et ETM+ 1999 et OLI/TIRS 2013), a permis de mettre en évidence et de quantifier, pour la période étudiée (1976 à 2013), les quatre principaux processus de transformation spatiale du paysage: l'attrition, l'agrégation, la création et la dissection des tâches. Les résultats révèlent d'une part une extension spatiale des classes « culture pluviale sous parc arboré », « mosaïque plantation/maraîchage » et « habitation », et d'autre part une très forte régression dans les classes « culture pluviale sous parc arboré à arbustif », « formation naturelle » et « mosaïque jachère/pâturage », due essentiellement à la forte anthropisation. En effet, la classe « culture pluviale sous parc arboré » en 2013 couvrait 72,61% du paysage étudié contre 14,24% en 1976. La grande pratique de la régénération naturelle assistée (RNA) dans la zone étudiée explique la transformation et la dominance du paysage par les classes cultures sous parc, constituant donc une politique agro-sylvo-pastorale efficace en paysage semi-aride anthropisé.Mots clés: Occupation/utilisation des terres, dynamique paysagère, régénération naturelle assistée, impacts anthropiques, Sahel, Niger.English Title: Evolutive trends of semi-arid anthropized landscapes in Niger: case of the rural communes of Aguie, Tchadoua and Gangara (region of Maradi)The impacts of climate change and human activities are the main factor for modeling landscapes structure and composition in Niger. This study, carried out in the semi-arid anthropized landscapes of Aguié, Tchadoua and Gangara communes in the region of Maradi, aims to analyse the landscapes spatial-temporal dynamics, relatively to Landuse/Landcover changes. The use of a diachronic cartographic approach based onthe processing of multidate and multi-sensor Landsat satellite images (MSS 1976, TM 1988 and ETM + 1999 and OLI / TIRS 2013), allowed to highlight and quantify for the period studied (1976 to 2013 ), the four mainprocesses of landscape spatial transformation: attrition, aggregation, creation and dissection of landscape patches. The results reveal, on one hand, a spatial extension at different levels in the classes "rainfed croplands under tree park", "mosaic plantation / gardening" and "setlements" and on the other hand a very high area regression in the classes "rainfed croplands under tree to shrub park", "natural woody park" and "mosaic fallow / pasture", mainly due to high anthropization. Indeed, the "rainfed croplands under tree park" class covered 72.61% of the study area in 2013 against 14.24% in 1976. The great use of natural regeneration (ANR) technics in the study area explains the transformation and dominance of the landscape by the classes croplands under parks, constituting therefore an effective agro-sylvo-pastoral policy in an anthropized semi-arid landscape.Keywords: Landuse/Landcover, landscape dynamics, human impacts, assisted natural regeneration, Sahel, Niger.

For ethnobotanists, aspects such as the influence of a plant's accessibility on its frequency of use, consensus among traditional therapists over the relationships between plants and diseases and the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments are essential to assess a medicinal tradition, but difficult to interpret. We explored these aspects through a study based on semi-structured interviews with 88 traditional therapists from the Batwa, Havu, Shi and Tembo communities near the montane forests of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, in South Kivu Province in eastern DRC. Our survey showed that 77 plant species are used to treat pathologies grouped into 18 categories of ailments, the most frequent being digestive disorders and infections. Leaves and bark are the parts most frequently used, usually in recipes involving a single plant and mainly prepared as aqueous solutions. Although there is a positive correlation between the accessibility of plants and the frequency of their use (H = 17.64; p < 0.001), some less accessible forest plants have very high use frequencies. Consensus between traditional therapists is high overall, especially for musculo-skeletal disorders (= 0.83) and infections (= 0.80). Although the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments is low overall, it is always high for at least one plant in all categories. Our results, although exploratory, suggest that certain medicinal traditions are well rooted in the region's local communities. This assumes a good local knowledge of medicinal plants, intergenerational transmission of that knowledge and a degree of cooperation between traditional therapists. Further studies are needed to assess these different aspects with greater precision. ; Peer reviewed

La recherche du bien-être social a suscité I'émergence de diverses activités anthropiques dans I'Arc Cuprifere Katangais (A.C.K.), notamment I'exploitation miniere qui a entrainé une régression importante de sa couverture forestiére. Cette étude a analysé la fragmentation forestiére dans l'A.C.K. de 2002 á 2015, á partir des mailles de 10 km x 10 km sur base des mosaïques d'images Landsat classifées. Les indices de structure spatiale ont permis de révéler une déforestation importante, mais aussi une reforestation dans une moindre mesure. Les forêts de l'A.C.K. sont caractérisées par une dispersion spatiale importante qui s'est amplifiee avec le temps. Pendant que la deforéstation reste largement causee par le développement agricole, la consommation de bois-énergie, I'urbanisation et les activités miniéres, la privatisation de certaines concessions, I'inaccessibilité et I'eloignement aux grandes agglomérations expliquent la reforestation qui est principalement observée dans certaines mailles au Sud-Est et á I'Ouest. Toutefois, la menace d'anthropisation plane sur ces forêts en régénération tant que les exploitants miniers, agriculteurs et charbonniers resteront en exercice de leurs activités. © 2018 Agri-Overseas.The social welfare search has led to the emergence of various anthropogenic activities in the Katangese Copper Belt (K.C.B.), including mining, which has led to a significant decline in its forest cover. This study analyzed the forest fragmentation in the K.C.B. from 2002 to 2015, using a 10 km x 10 km grid overlaid on a mosaic of classified Landsat images. Pattern metrics highlighted a significant deforestation as well as a lesser extent reforestation. The K.C.B. forest are characterized by a high spatial dispersal which increased over time. The forest degradation is largely caused by agricultural development. The reforestation observed in some south-east and south-west grids is explained by factors like the energy wood consumption, the urbanization and the mining activities, the privatization of some concessions, their inaccessibility and/or remoteness to large cities. However, anthropization endangers these regenerating forests, as long as miners, farmers and charcoal producers remain in activity. © 2018 Agri-Overseas. ; Peer reviewed

The socio-economic development resulting from the emergence of the mining sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo causes significant changes in the natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate, the deforestation patterns in the Katangese Copper Belt (K.C.B.) caused by the proliferation of mining sites and urban areas using the Landsat images of 2002 and 2015. A 10 km x 10 km square grid was applied to calculate landscape metrics for forest pattern analysis. The results obtained within the K.C.B. show that, the relative area of forests decreases from 49% to 42% between 2002 and 2015. Most squares are characterized by an increase in the number of forest patches and by a reduction of the forest area. Dissection was identified as the dominant spatial transformation process governing the forest cover dynamics. Other processes observed related to anthropogenic effects in landscapes were the suppression and the fragmentation. Aggregation, creation and enlargement dominate those squares situated in private concessions or in which forest conservation initiatives are developed. A link between the overall forest cover declining and the development the urban areas and the mining sites has been mapped. This study can serve as a conceptual framework for the application of policies oriented towards a more sustainable conservation of the Katangese forests, hence inversing the current trends. ; Peer reviewed

Description of the subject. Several ethnobotanical studies have demonstrated links between traditional medicine practices and the ethnicity and geographical location of healers, while many others have concluded the opposite. This study deals with the typology of traditional healers in the mountain region of Kahuzi-Biega. Objectives. The goal is to understand whether the typology of traditional healers is related to their inter-ethnic and inter-zonal differences, based on diseases treated and plants used. Method. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted using the "PSSVV" method. This involved 88 traditional healers recognized as "specialists" in 33 villages adjacent to the forest of Kahuzi-Biega, in DR Congo. Multivariate analysis (clustering, ordination, Mantel test, IndVal) were applied to establish typologies of traditional healers. Results. Multivariate analyses showed that ethnicity and geographical location did not explain the practices and knowledge of healers. However, by using the IndVal method, differences were observed in their degree of specialization. Non-specialized healers (70%) could be distinguished from specialized healers (30%). Two clear groups of specialists emerged; those who treat bone trauma and those who treat obstetric-gynecological complaints. The Mantel correlation test revealed a positive association (r = 0.134, p < 0.05) between the "healers-plants" and "healers-diseases" matrices. This indicates that healers who treat similar diseases use similar herbs. Both typologies have shown their preferences for forest species (81%), especially trees (51%). Conclusions. This exploratory study suggests that traditional healers are characterized based on their specializations. This result helps in creating strategies to preserve local traditional knowledge and apply it to the conservation of species. © 2016, FAC UNIV SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES GEMBLOUX. All rights reserved. ; Peer reviewed

For ethnobotanists, aspects such as the influence of a plant's accessibility on its frequency of use, consensus among traditional therapists over the relationships between plants and diseases and the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments are essential to assess a medicinal tradition, but difficult to interpret. We explored these aspects through a study based on semi-structured interviews with 88 traditional therapists from the Batwa, Havu, Shi and Tembo communities near the montane forests of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, in South Kivu Province in eastern DRC. Our survey showed that 77 plant species are used to treat pathologies grouped into 18 categories of ailments, the most frequent being digestive disorders and infections. Leaves and bark are the parts most frequently used, usually in recipes involving a single plant and mainly prepared as aqueous solutions. Although there is a positive correlation between the accessibility of plants and the frequency of their use (H = 17.64; p < 0.001), some less accessible forest plants have very high use frequencies. Consensus between traditional therapists is high overall, especially for musculo-skeletal disorders (= 0.83) and infections (= 0.80). Although the degree of fidelity to a plant for a given category of ailments is low overall, it is always high for at least one plant in all categories. Our results, although exploratory, suggest that certain medicinal traditions are well rooted in the region's local communities. This assumes a good local knowledge of medicinal plants, intergenerational transmission of that knowledge and a degree of cooperation between traditional therapists. Further studies are needed to assess these different aspects with greater precision. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Description of the subject. Several ethnobotanical studies have demonstrated links between traditional medicine practices and the ethnicity and geographical location of healers, while many others have concluded the opposite. This study deals with the typology of traditional healers in the mountain region of Kahuzi-Biega. Objectives. The goal is to understand whether the typology of traditional healers is related to their inter-ethnic and inter-zonal differences, based on diseases treated and plants used. Method. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted using the "PSSVV" method. This involved 88 traditional healers recognized as "specialists" in 33 villages adjacent to the forest of Kahuzi-Biega, in DR Congo. Multivariate analysis (clustering, ordination, Mantel test, IndVal) were applied to establish typologies of traditional healers. Results. Multivariate analyses showed that ethnicity and geographical location did not explain the practices and knowledge of healers. However, by using the IndVal method, differences were observed in their degree of specialization. Non-specialized healers (70%) could be distinguished from specialized healers (30%). Two clear groups of specialists emerged; those who treat bone trauma and those who treat obstetric-gynecological complaints. The Mantel correlation test revealed a positive association (r = 0.134, p < 0.05) between the "healers-plants" and "healers-diseases" matrices. This indicates that healers who treat similar diseases use similar herbs. Both typologies have shown their preferences for forest species (81%), especially trees (51%). Conclusions. This exploratory study suggests that traditional healers are characterized based on their specializations. This result helps in creating strategies to preserve local traditional knowledge and apply it to the conservation of species. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published