Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Complexity of Naming -- 1.1.1 Definitions -- 1.1.2 "Who Is It That Can Tell Me Who I Am?" -- 1.1.3 PMSC as a Permanent Inherited Patronym -- 1.2 Approach and Aims -- 1.2.1 Research Design -- 1.2.2 Social Norms in PMSC Governance -- 1.2.3 Norms (II): Defining Mercenary and the Anti-­Mercenary Norm -- 1.2.4 Norms (III): Content and Direction Anti-Mercenary Norm -- 1.2.5 Norms (IV): Theoretical Expectation on the Anti-­Mercenary Norm -- 1.2.6 Interests -- 1.2.7 Institutions -- 1.3 Methodology -- References -- Part I: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions -- Chapter 2: The Swiss Initiative -- 2.1 Content and Significance -- 2.2 Origins -- 2.2.1 Actors -- 2.2.2 Norms: First Stage of the Initiative -- 2.3 Second Stage of the Initiative -- 2.3.1 International Aspirations -- 2.3.2 Swiss Domestic Politics -- 2.3.3 Final Stage: Montreux and the ICoC -- 2.4 Argument in Historical Perspective -- 2.4.1 The Soft Power of Institutions -- 2.4.2 Neutrality in Comparative Perspective -- 2.4.3 Neutrality in Action: Between Pro and Anti-Americanism -- 2.4.4 ICRC Under Attack -- 2.4.5 Ambiguity and Risks for ICRC -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The United Nations as Actor of Governance -- 3.1 UN Practices and Policies -- 3.1.1 Evolution of Practices -- 3.1.1.1 Significance -- 3.1.1.2 Demand for Security in African Crisis -- 3.1.1.3 Limits to the Expansion of Private Peacekeeping -- 3.1.1.4 Policy Development for Operations -- 3.2 UN as Lawmaker -- 3.2.1 Influence of the Anti-mercenary Norm: From an Unworkable Definition to a Slow Transition -- 3.2.2 How the Anti-mercenary Norm Is Still Influential -- 3.2.2.1 The Transition -- 3.2.2.2 Norm on the Monopoly on Violence.

The roots of chartered rights of local authorities -- The origins of the charter within the Council of Europe -- The normative guidance along and beyond Council of Europe borders -- International treaty law -- The charter's guarantees as general principles of EU law? -- Rank of the charter under domestic law of Council of Europe member states -- The charter's concept of local self-government -- Institutional design of local self-government

Abstract
This paper aims to provide a brief assessment of the legal framework of the newly established metropolitan cities in the Italian domestic legal order. After an historical overview of previous attempts to set up metropolitan cities in Italy (1), it summarizes the main statutory provisions of the Delrio Law (No. 56/2014) through which metropolitan cities finally came into operation (2) and it provides an analysis of its implementation, thereby attempting to make clear whether increased institutional pluralism and differentiation in the local government system will strengthen or weaken Italian regionalism (3). The conclusion will argue that, while the enactment of local government reforms combined with the entering into force of a significant constitutional amendment will increasingly diminish the role of the Regions, metropolitan cities, due to their ambivalent nature, still lack any propulsive thrust and face the risk of being marginalized until a consistent legal framework for their proper funding is laid down (4).

Résumé Cet article étudie comment la figure de martyr d'Omar El Mokhtar (1858-1931) est devenue une icône transnationale populaire aussi bien en Afrique qu'en Asie. De simple personnage de l'histoire de la cyrénaïque, il s'est transformé en symbole dans la culture arabe au moment de la lutte contre le colonialisme et fait désormais partie de ce qu'on appelle la « communauté imaginée » arabe. Je m'attache ici à déterminer comment s'est développée l'image de son martyre et montre que cette construction de la mémoire collective ne s'est pas déroulée sans ambiguité. Mon propos est également d'analyser comment le martyre a été et reste encore utilisé à des fins de mobilisation politique, et je le démontre en étudiant les activités de groupes insurrectionnels transnationaux – les « Brigades » ou « Forces d'Omar El Mokhtar » – de leurs tout débuts jusqu'à leurs plus récentes manifestations.

As natural disaster events continue to occur with increasing frequency at greater material and human costs globally, there is an imperative need for countries to recover from these disasters' damaging effects with increased national resilience. The extent to which that information can be obtained in a way that balances timeliness with comprehensiveness, and is accurate and justifiable, will accelerate recovery initiatives. Post-disaster needs assessments (PDNAs) is an internationally accepted methodology for determining the physical damages, economic losses, and costs of meeting recovery needs after a natural disaster through a government-led process. This PDNA review is the first instance of the participating institutions assessing the demonstrated effectiveness of PDNAs, as the practice has evolved over the fifty five post-disaster assessments conducted since 2008. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) of the World Bank Group have undertaken the review with support from the European Union between March and June 2017. The review focuses on ten areas of inquiry and draws on a sample of fourteen PDNAs. The countries that were included in the PDNA review were distributed across global regions and demonstrated both shared and contrasting geophysical, socioeconomic, political, and cultural characteristics. This review includes discussions with tripartite institutions and selected countries that have undertaken PDNAs.

The present paper shows the application of the model-based AGILE 4.0 architectural framework currently being developed within the context of the European Union (EU) - funded AGILE 4.0 research project. This architectural framework is conceived to guide designers in the definition, modeling, design and optimization of complex aeronautical systems, by following a Systems Engineering Product Development process. The AGILE4.0 architectural framework supports different activities for the development of systems, such as requirements engineering, functional analysis, system architecting and Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization (MDO). More specifically, the present paper focuses on part of the architectural framework, which is being developed to address the initial activities of a Systems Engineering process, namely the definition and modelling of system stakeholders, needs and requirements. The development of this architectural framework is indeed fostered by all the potential advantages of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approaches, which in contrast to traditional document-based approaches might bring to several benefits in the design process, as enhancement of systems design quality, more complete and clearer development of system requirements and specifications and improved communications within the design teams. Seven different application cases are addressed in the paper, demonstrating how the architectural framework and its implementation in a MBSE development system can be exploited to streamline, accelerate and improve the definition and modeling of complex systems. Advantages but also some limitations of this model-based approach are identified from the applications and addressed in the paper.

The potential invasiveness of alien macroinvertebrate species in the Italian/Swiss hydrographic system of Lake Maggiore (NW Italy) was assessed through the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit, a risk assessment tool developed for quantifying the impacts of alien species on the commercial, environmental, and species traits sectors. Data were collected using the databases provided by two regional environmental agencies in northern Italy (Lombardy and Piedmont regions) and by the governmental monitoring program of Switzerland, which were integrated with a systematic literature search on Google scholar and ISI Web of Science. In the assessment area, 16 macroinvertebrate invasive alien species were reported: nine mollusks, four decapods, and three amphipods. The species assessment indicated seven species with a high level of invasiveness: Procambarus clarkii, Faxonius  ; limosus (formerly, Orconectes limosus) and Pacifastacus leniusculus, Dreissena polymorpha, Corbicula fluminea, Sinanodonta woodiana, and Pseudosuccinea columella. The results allow invasive species managers to understand which species to focus their monitoring on in the near future in order to track IAS movements and limit their spread within the hydrographic system and to provide the identification and refinement of concerted bilateral strategies aimed at limiting the impacts of these species. They also account for the implications of future climate change on the invasion potential of each species.

One method an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) can apply to reduce development and manufacturing costs is family concept design: each product family member is designed fora different design point, but a significant amount of components is shared among the family members. In this case, a trade-off exists between member performance and commonality. In the design of complex systems, often many different architectures are possible, and the design space is too large to explore exhaustively. In this work, we present an application of a new architecture optimization method to the design of a family of passenger transport jets, with a focus on the sizing of the Environmental Control System (ECS) and Flight Control System (FCS).The architecture design space is modeled using the Architecture Design Space Graph (ADSG),a novel method for constructing model-based system architecture optimization problems. Deci-sions are extracted and the multi-objective optimization problem is automatically formulated.Objectives used are commonality, representing acquisition costs, and fuel burn, representing apart of operation costs. These metrics are evaluated using a cross-organizational collaborative multidisciplinary analysis toolchain, and the resulting Multidisciplinary Design Optimization(MDO) problem is solved using a multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm. The results show that the trade-off between commonality and fuel burn is only present above a certain commonality level. ; The research presented in this paper has been performed in the framework of the AGILE 4.0 project (Towards Cyber-physical Collaborative Aircraft Development) and has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under grant agreement n°815122.