Статья посвящена изучению образа Бийска в художественной прозе русских писателей. ; The article studies the image of Biysk in Russian works of fiction. The research methodology is based on works studying fiction texts about cities written by representatives of the Tartu-Moscow school and the geo-cultural and geo-poetical approaches. In general, the history of Biysk repeats the history of first Siberian cities. Initially, it was a fortress, fixing the shift of the borders of Russian territories to the East (since 1709). After 1846, the city ceased to be a military administrative center and became a place of political exile. At the same time, it turned into a commercial and industrial provincial city, lying on a strategically important trade route (Chuysky Tract). The analysis of fiction texts made it possible to identify and describe the main figurative models of the city: military prison, prison, city of mud, antithesis of the village, hell - paradise, and city-mediator. No single "core", apart from the object of description, uniting this, rather small corpus of texts, has been found. Although zones of overlapping of semantic spheres have been outlined. A military jail and a mud city are equivalent as a battlefield of antagonistic forces.
Submitted: 29.07.2019. Accepted: 17.04.2020. ; Поступила в редакцию: 29.07.2019. Принята к печати: 17.04.2020. ; Настоящая статья тематически принадлежит актуальному для современного литературоведения направлению изучения городских «сверхтекстов». Предмет исследования — литературный образ г. Змеиногорска, репрезентирующий Рудный Алтай в целом. Материал для анализа — обнаруженные нами художественные произведения о городе, с привлечением фольклорных представлений и историко-географических текстов. Методологической основой статьи выступают исследования «городских текстов» представителей тартуско-московской семиотической школы (В. Н. Топоров, Ю. М. Лотман) и их современных последователей, а также геопоэтический подход, изучающий культурные формы организации земного пространства (В. В. Абашев). Анализ художественных текстов о Змеиногорске позволил выявить основные тенденции в литературной репрезентации темы города. Образ Змеиногорска на типологическом и генетическом уровне сближается с образом Екатеринбурга. В исторической повести П. А. Бородкина «Тайна Змеиной горы» (1966) выведена ключевая семантическая оппозиция образа горнозаводского города середины XVIII в. Она видится автором как антитеза «рай (природа) — ад (завод)». На уровне «сверхтекста» реализуется инвариантный для «сибирского текста» сюжет перехода от «рая» к «аду» (П. А. Бородкин), и наоборот (А. П. Хейдок). «Змеиная» топонимика актуализирует соответствующую мифологию и образность города, а также змееборческий сюжет, видоизмененный применительно к социальным обстоятельствам. Мифологический Змей становится метафорой начальства (П. А. Бородкин, Е. Евтушенко). В современной прозе Змею возвращаются его мифологические функции Хранителя подземных недр, но снимается конфликтность сюжета в пользу партнерства человека и природы (Юстасия Тарасава). В целом, «сверхтекст» города находится в стадии становления, значительный мифологический и семантический потенциал образа Змеиногорска ожидает своей реализации. ; Thematically, this article lies within the research field connected with the study of urban "supertexts" and is relevant for contemporary literary criticism. The subject of the research is the literary image of Zmeinogorsk, a town representative of the Ore Altai as a whole. The author refers to works of art about the town which she has discovered. They are based on folklore, historical, and geographic texts. The methodological basis of the article is the study of "urban texts" by representatives of the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School (V. N. Toporov, Yu. M. Lotman) and their modern followers, as well as the geo-poetic approach that studies cultural forms of the structure of terrestrial space (V. V. Abashev). Analysis of fiction about Zmeinogorsk reveals the main tendencies in the literary representation of the urban theme. The image of Zmeinogorsk comes close to the image of Yekaterinburg on the typological and genetic levels. The historical story by P. A. Borodkin Secrets of Snake Mountain (1966) represents the key semantic opposition of the mining and metallurgical image of the town in the mid-eighteenth century. The author sees it as an antithesis of "paradise (nature) and hell (plant)". The plot of transition from "paradise" to "hell" (P. A. Borodkin) and vice versa (A. P. Heidok) is an invariant for the "Siberian text". It is realised on the "supertext" level. The "snake" toponymy actualises the corresponding mythology and imagery of the town as well as the plot of "fighting a serpent", modified according to social circumstances. The mythological serpent becomes a metaphor of the authorities (P. A. Borodkin, E. Yevtushenko). In modern prose, the Serpent returns its mythological functions as the Guardian of the depths of the earth, but the conflict of the plot is removed in favour of partnership between man and nature (Eustasia Tarasawa). In general, the "supertext" of the town is in its infancy, a significant mythological and semantic potential of Zmeinogorsk is still to be realised. ; The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Government of Altai Territory grant 18-412-220004 "Altai in the National Literature of the 20th–21st Centuries: Cultural and Tourist Potential". ; Исследование выполнено в рамках научного проекта РФФИ (№ 18-412-220004) и Министерства образования и науки Алтайского края (договор Н-26) «Алтай в отечественной литературе ХХ–ХХI вв.: культурно-туристический потенциал».
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been described as an epidemic central nervous disorder in cattle from the United Kingdom. The disease is thought to have emerged by an interspecies transmission of the scrapie agent of sheep to cattle, after feeding scrapie-contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM). The disease has caused substantial economic losses for the British cattle industry. Because of strict veterinary regulations for the import of adult British cattle by the European Union and for MBM by most of the member states the spread of BSE to continental Europe could be efficiently controlled, and only few cases have been described outside the UK. Here we report the first German case of BSE diagnosed in a Scottish Highland cow. The affected cow was imported into Germany before the import ban for cattle from the UK was implemented. BSE was confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, animal experiments, immunoblotting and by electron microscopic detection of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAFs).
