Suchergebnisse

Der vorliegende Band enthält die überarbeiteten Beiträge zweier Sitzungen des Ausschusses "Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Ethik" im Verein für Socialpolitik. Dieser Ausschuß setzt sich aus Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern sowie Philosophen und Theologen zusammen. Karl Homann sowie Johannes Hackmann beginnen den Band mit methodischen Grundsatzüberlegungen zum Verhältnis von Moral und Ökonomie, von Ethik und Ökonomik. Bruno Staffelbach erläutert drei Bereiche und zwei Funktionen der empirischen Forschung in der Unternehmensethik. Wulf Gaertner untersucht das Verhältnis von Rationalitätspostulaten und internalisierten Normen, Birger Priddat schlägt vor, die rationale Handlungstheorie durch eine Theorie der Person und deren Geschichte zu ergänzen. Wolfgang Buchholz und Christian Haslbeck analysieren Präferenzveränderungen in bezug auf ein öffentliches Umweltgut, Iris Bohnet untersucht den konsumptiven Nutzen aus dem Akt des Spendens und zeigt, daß hierbei die Bekanntheit der Nutznießer von Bedeutung ist. Hans-Peter Weikard diskutiert, ausgehend von Hobbes und Locke, drei Varianten des Gesellschaftsvertrags, die auf den Theorien von Rawls, Brennan und Buchanan sowie Nozick und Gauthier beruhen. Wilfried Hinsch beschäftigt sich mit gerechten Güterverteilungen und deren öffentlichen Rechtfertigung. Michael Schramm untersucht unterschiedliche sozialpolitische Maßnahmen, die den "unteren Bereich" des Arbeitsmarktes fördern sollen. Peter Koslowski diskutiert ein Verbot von Insider-Handel aus wirtschaftsethischer Sicht, und Werner Lachmann schließlich plädiert für objektivierbare Kriterien zur Festlegung der Abgeordnetendiäten. -- Mit dem vorliegenden Band wird ein weites Spektrum an Fragestellungen dokumentiert, die von methodischen Grundfragen im Verhältnis von Ethik und Ökonomik über das Problem von Kooperation und Solidarität sowie einer gerechten Güterverteilung bis hin zu aktuellen wirtschafts- und gesellschaftspolitischen Themen reichen

Die fünf besten amerikanischen Orchester hatten jahrzehntelang einen Frauenanteil von insgesamt 5 Prozent. (…) Als eine der Jurys nicht mehr sehen konnte, ob ein Mann oder eine Frau spielte, stieg die Quote plötzlich dramatisch an. Alles, was es dazu brauchte, war ein Vorhang. Bei der Einstellung, bei der Beförderung, beim Gehalt – überall werden Frauen massiv benachteiligt. Die Harvard-Professorin Iris Bohnet zeigt in ihrem brillanten Buch What works, dass die Ursache dafür oft verzerrte Wahrnehmungen sind(…) Wir können unsere Wahrnehmung nicht überlisten. Aber wir können mehr Vorhänge aufhängen und die Spielregeln ändern. Das ist die revolutionäre Botschaft von What works. [Verlagshomepage]

Most contracts, whether between voters and politicians or between house owners and contractors, are incomplete. "More law," it typically is assumed, increases the likelihood of contract performance by increasing the probability of enforcement and/or the cost of breach. We examine a contractual relationship in which the first mover has to decide whether she wants to enter a contract without knowing whether the second mover will perform. We analyze how contract enforceability affects individual performance for exogenous preferences. Then we apply a dynamic model of preference adaptation and find that economic incentives have a nonmonotonic effect on behavior. Individuals perform a contract when enforcement is strong or weak but not with medium enforcement probabilities: Trustworthiness is "crowded in" with weak and "crowded out" with medium enforcement. In a laboratory experiment we test our model's implications and find support for the crowding prediction. Our finding is in line with the recent work on the role of contract enforcement and trust in formerly Communist countries.

Most contracts, whether between voters & politicians or between house owners & contractors, are incomplete. "More law," it typically is assumed, increases the likelihood of contract performance by increasing the probability of enforcement &/or the cost of breach. We examine a contractual relationship in which the first mover has to decide whether she wants to enter a contract without knowing whether the second mover will perform. We analyze how contract enforceability affects individual performance for exogenous preferences. We then apply a dynamic model of preference adaptation & find that economic incentives have a nonmonotonic effect on behavior. Individuals perform a contract when enforcement is strong or weak but not with medium enforcement probabilities: Trustworthiness is "crowded in" with weak & "crowded out" with medium enforcement. In a laboratory experiment, we test our model's implications & find support for the crowding prediction. Our finding is in line with the recent work on the role of contract enforcement & trust in formerly communist countries. 7 Tables, 2 Figures, 3 Appendixes, 73 References. Adapted from the source document.

Due to betrayal aversion, people take risks less willingly when the agent of uncertainty is another person rather than nature. Individuals in six countries (Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States) confronted a binary-choice trust game or a risky decision offering the same payoffs and probabilities. Risk acceptance was calibrated by asking individuals their "minimum acceptable probability" (MAP) for securing the high payoff that would make them willing to accept the risky rather than the sure payoff. People's MAPs are generally higher when another person, rather than nature, determines the outcome. This indicates betrayal aversion. (JEL C72, D81, Z13)

The Wet Tropics region of north Queensland contains the highest biological diversity in Australia, has outstanding environmental values, is economically important and located adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Increasing urban development and agricultural intensification in the Wet Tropics has raised serious water quality concerns. To successfully achieve water quality improvement outcomes, the integration of social and biophysical knowledge, in particular clarifying the roles and responsibilities of multiple stakeholders for knowledge integration, has been identified as a key issue and research priority. However, research into the processes supporting knowledge integration and clarifying roles and responsibilities of multiple stakeholders for improving water quality is largely lacking. To fill this gap, we further developed and advanced a social-ecological planning framework to improve our understanding of how multiple-stakeholders can contribute to successful water quality management outcomes. Our conceptual framework, applied in the Tully basin adjacent to the GBR: (1) provides a transdisciplinary approach; (2) enhances the integration of social and biophysical knowledge through tailored methods fitting the local context; (3) shares knowledge and provides recommendations; (4) outlines factors that may promote or inhibit the implementation of freshwater quality objectives; (5) highlights inadequacies of existing government guidelines, policies, and presents co-management opportunities and (6) offers a novel collaborative approach supporting water quality improvement in the Wet Tropics of Australia and beyond.

Aboriginal participation in water resources decision making in Australia is similar when compared with Indigenous peoples' experiences in other common law countries such as the United States and Canada; however, this process has taken different paths. This paper provides a review of the literature detailing current legislative policies and practices and offers case studies to highlight and contrast Indigenous peoples' involvement in water resources planning and management in Australia and North America. Progress towards Aboriginal governance in water resources management in Australia has been slow and patchy. The U.S. and Canada have not developed consistent approaches in honoring water resources agreements or resolving Indigenous water rights issues either. Improving co-management opportunities may advance approaches to improve interjurisdictional watershed management and honor Indigenous participation. Lessons learned from this review and from case studies presented provide useful guidance for environmental managers aiming to develop collaborative approaches and co-management opportunities with Indigenous people for effective water resources management.

Effective conservation planning and landscape management are supported by relevant, up-to-date scientific information. However, practitioners don't always have ready access to the large, rapidly-changing body of scientific information and science is not necessarily targeted at the most important issues for managers. Facilitating knowledge exchange between scientists and practitioners is a significant, ongoing challenge. In Australia, regional Natural Resource Management (NRM) bodies are responsible for strategic landscape management planning. The Federal Government has funded NRM bodies to incorporate climate change adaptation strategies into updated plans, and concurrently funded research consortia to provide supporting scientific information. We present the Wet Tropics cluster project 'Knowledge to manage land and sea' as a model for facilitating co-operation between research and practice. A "brokering hub" brings scientists and practitioners together to make collaborative decisions about research direction, the allocation of project resources, and long-term science-planning partnerships in the region. The first stage of the project involved an analysis of the major impacts of climate change on socio-economic-ecological systems in the Wet Tropics cluster region, producing a report that synthesises scientific knowledge and expert opinion in relation to the key issues for NRM groups, identified through an iterative, collaborative process. The report is directly relevant to NRM groups and has been adapted for use in planning workshops and other stakeholder engagement activities. The project is currently focussed on participatory planning work, including co-identification of priority adaptation pathways, as well as the delivery of spatial tools for prioritising carbon and biodiversity planting.