Suchergebnisse

The determinants of registering as an unemployed person in the public employment office may be of both a socio-demographic and legal character. Although every individual has their own motivation to register as unemployed, it is still possible to analyse the phenomenon on a group level. The purpose of this study is to show the similarities and differences of older people registering as unemployed and to identify the factors that were key to professional deactivation. The research is based on data from the Polish Central Analytical and Reporting System concerning 1,276,555 people born in the years 19401965, who were at least once registered as unemployed in a public employment office. The study uses principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the factors which influence to the largest extent the decision to deactivate professionally. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartletts test of sphericity proved the feasibility of the PCA. The number of principal components was determined on the basis of Kaisers criterion. The varimax factor rotation was applied to simplify the relation between the variables and to enhance the interpretation of the obtained results. The analysis included five groups: pensioners, disability pensioners, people who reached retirement age, people who received pre-retirement benefits and the total population. For each group three to four components were identified which combined different variables. Education and occupation in the last place of work formed the only common component for the five groups which influences the most critical decisions in the labour market. This component demonstrates the level of competence and may determine the moment of professional deactivation. The research shows that economic mechanisms are more important than legal conditions in all the analysed groups.

AbstractWe study the role of formal and informal childcare within the ECEC policies for gender employment and pay gaps, considering the life course stages distinctive for childcare tasks. The ECEC policies are framed within the types of social investment strategies identified in the EU countries to picture developments in social investments after 2005. The aggregated EU‐SILC data from 2005 to 2019 for 27 European countries have been used in the panel regression models to uncover how the caring arrangements influence labour market gendered outcomes of women at different ages (15–24, 25–49, 50–65). We find that better provision and use of early education and childcare not only contribute to early investment in human capital but it also facilitates mothers' employment and thus contributes to lowering gender employment and pay gaps. However, better coverage of care for children older than 3 years old results in negative employment effects for grandmothers. These effects vary also across countries, depending on their overall institutional setting depicted by the types of social investment strategies distinguished. Consequently, the ECEC agenda should be extended by addressing the employment of women at the pre‐retirement age. It is crucial not only for reducing gender gap in employment and pay but also in the light of challenges generated by demographic developments—the labour force shrinking and the population ageing processes.