Suchergebnisse

Pese a la gran historiografía militar y el importante desarrollo de la historia de la enfermería, la revisión documental sobre un campo de intersección como es el de la historia de la enfermería militar española, aporta pocos resultados. Este déficit de información impulsó la presente tesis, y determinó el objetivo principal de la descripción del desarrollo de la enfermería militar profesional del Ejército del Aire entre 1939 y 1989, con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de la historia de la enfermería. Sobre la base de la metodología cualitativa, se ha tomado como referencia el método de la investigación histórica sobre el conocimiento histórico. Por ello se ha desarrollado un nivel de investigación exploratorio con carácter retrospectivo. El proceso heurístico se ha desarrollado con la utilización de técnicas cualitativas como la observación documental y técnicas biográficas, aplicadas sobre fuentes posicionales, intencionales y cualitativas culturales. El estudio de las colecciones legislativas referentes al Ejército del Aire ha permitido la creación de una línea cronológica, segmentada por los diferentes soportes formativos de acceso del personal sanitario como: practicante de Medicina (titulación civil), enfermero (formación militar), ayudante técnico sanitario (titulación civil), diplomado en Enfermería (titulación civil). Detallada por la estructura organizacional en la que quedaron integrados como militares profesionales del Ejército del Aire, con la denominación común de auxiliar. La enfermería militar profesional del Ejército del Aire es parte de la enfermería española, pero el estudio manifiesta notables diferencias sociales y laborables con el considerado desarrollo clásico de la profesión enfermera española. Es el caso de haber formado profesionalmente a parte de su personal como enfermeros, en un período en el que el oficio enfermero no estaba considerado como profesión sanitaria, y el haber sido un colectivo cuasi exclusivamente masculino. Sin embargo, el resultado del estudio de un colectivo mayoritariamente masculino, en una profesión considerada mayoritariamente femenina como la enfermería, permite ampliar la visión histórica de dicha profesión. La investigación muestra que el ejército del aire español consideró necesario y mantuvo desde sus inicios una estructura de personal militar profesional auxiliar de sanidad, funcionalmente considerada como auxiliar de la medicina.

This paper advances the analysis of regional income convergence in Colombia, through the use of the income data recently estimated for the departments, the main subnational political units. The results show a polarization process between Bogotá and the rest of the departments. The preponderance of Bogotá during the period analyzed is also discussed: its per capita income is more than double that of the national average, and more than eight times the per capita income of the poorest department, Chocó. Persistence in the departmental per capita income ranking is observed: Bogotá is always ahead, while the departments in the periphery are in the last places. The findings lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to design policies to correct the significant disparities in per capita income between Colombian regions. ; Este trabajo avanza en el estudio de la convergencia en el ingreso regional en Colombia a través del análisis de las cifras de ingreso calculadas recientemente para los departamentos, la principal unidad política subnacional. Los resultados muestran un proceso de polarización entre Bogotá y el resto de departamentos. La supremacía de Bogotá durante los años de estudio también es discutida: su ingreso per cápita es más del doble de la media nacional y más de ocho veces el observado para el Chocó, el departamento con menor ingreso. Esta situación persistió a lo largo de todo el período: Bogotá se consolidó a la cabeza de los ingresos regionales per cápita, mientras que los departamentos de la periferia se mantuvieron en los últimos lugares. Estos hallazgos obligan a pensar en la necesidad de establecer una política de Estado orientada a corregir las enormes disparidades observadas en el ingreso per cápita entre las regiones colombianas.

This book examines regional structural challenges on Colombias path to sustainable social cohesion and regionally inclusive growth. These challenges can be divided into three main groups: (i) those that focus on competitiveness and the supply side, (ii) those that arise from critical business cycle issues on the demand side, and (iii) those concerning environmental sustainability, employment and social inclusion. The contributions, written by experts on Latin American economics and regional science, apply quantitative simulations based on a unified general equilibrium framework and address a wide range of topics, including: Colombias competitive integration in global markets, human capital profiles, regional economic disparities and public and private mechanisms of interregional income transfer. The challenges entailed by such high-profile and long-term issues as productivity growth and climate change are also analyzed. In addition, the book positions Colombias experiences in an international comparative context. It argues that many other Latin American countries face similar challenges and provide evidence to substantiate this claim. By doing so, it offers valuable policy lessons for Latin American countries with similar difficulties.

Antecedentes y objetivos: El Ejército del Aire (España) se creó en octubre de 1939 y su Cuerpo de Sanidad en febrero de 1940, donde se integraron los suboficiales practicantes de medicina como auxiliares. La actividad de los suboficiales practicantes de medicina del Ejército del Aire quedó suprimida en julio de 1941. Se pretende exponer el inicio de la enfermería militar profesional del Ejército del Aire, representada por los practicantes de medicina militares. Material y métodos: Se han utilizado técnicas cualitativas, centradas en la observación documental. Resultados: Se ha podido determinar el inicio y final de la única promoción de practicantes de medicina militares del Ejército del Aire. Conclusiones: Creado el Ejército del Aire, se decidió que fueran los practicantes de medicina, conforme a la titulación nacional en vigor, el personal auxiliar de la Sección de Medicina del Cuerpo de Sanidad. Es en el Ejército del Aire donde se concede la consideración plena de militar a los practicantes de medicina por primera vez; sin embargo, el Ministerio del Aire cambió, en menos de un año, la determinación de necesitar como personal auxiliar en el Cuerpo de Sanidad del Ejército del Aire a los practicantes de medicina, a considerar que eran totalmente prescindibles. ; Background and aims: The Air Force (Spain) was created in October 1939 and its Corps of Health in February 1940, in which medical assistant noncommissioned officers were integrated. The activies of Air Force medical assistant noncommissioned officers were suppressed in July 1941. The beginning of the professional military nursing of the Air Force will be explored with a focus on the military medicine assistants. Material and methods: Qualitative techniques have been used, with focus on documentary observation. Results: It was possible to determine the beginning and the end of the only promotion of military medicine assistants of the Air Force. Conclusions: When the Air Force was created, it was decided that the medical assistants were going to be part of the auxiliary staff of the Section of Medicine of Health Corps, in line with the national qualification in force. As a result, it was in the Air Force where the full consideration of military was firstly granted to medical assistants; however, the Ministry of the Air changed its previous determination to require medical assistants as auxiliary personnel in the Air Force's Health Corps to consider them totally dispensable, applying this change withinless than a year.

There is an extensive literature on the impact of nonrenewable natural resources (NNR) in the fiscal performance of countries. Overall, with few exceptions, the studies suggest an inverse relationship between these two variables. According to the IDB (2013), the presence of NNR can lead to the so called 'resource curse', where the abundance of income that comes from this source adversely affects institutional capacity, governance, and economic growth. There is not too much literature about the impact of the relative abundance of NNR on the fiscal performance of sub-national governments and conflicting results have been found. One of the most recent changes in regional policy in Colombia was the creation of the General Royalties System (SGR by its Spanish acronym) in 2011. Before the new scheme, royalties were distributed to those territories where NNR were extracted and to the maritime or river ports used to transport these resources. With the creation of SGR, these resources began to be distributed between all municipalities and departments through various funds and according to the socioeconomic conditions of each territory. As a result of the increased mining and energy production, royalties increased from 0.6% of GDP in 2002 to 1.66% in 2012. These resources are an important source of funding for projects in sub-national governments. For municipalities, these funds are twice the amount collected by two of the most important municipal taxes, property tax and industry and commerce tax. This is an excellent opportunity to assess the impact of the new system on the fiscal behavior of local authorities. This paper evaluates the effects of the implementation of the SGR on the fiscal performance at the municipality level in 2012, employing a dose-response analysis based on Hirano and Imbens (2004) for a sample of 1,025 municipalities. Unlike conventional impact evaluations comparing treatment and control groups, the dose-response analysis compares municipalities with higher and lower allocation of royalties. The non-randomness of assignments is controlled by estimating the generalized propensity score. The results indicate that a level of 20% allocation of royalties in the total revenue of the municipalities represents an important threshold performance of these localities. It was found that in the 93% of municipalities, where the proportion of royalties in their total revenues are less or equal to 20%, the fiscal performance measured by several indexes worsens, while the dependency on the royalties increases. On the other hand, if such proportion is higher than 20% the fiscal performance improves but the local investment falls. Given that the reform assigned resources but did not guarantee their appropriation by the municipalities, these results can be explained by the low execution of royalties during 2012.

This paper analyses the regional economic differences in the impact of lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 ordered by Colombia's national gov­ernment. Using an input-output model, we estimate regional economic losses by extracting a group of formal and informal workers from different sectors of the economy. Results show regional differences in the impact of lockdown measures on their labour markets, local economies, and productive sectors. We also find that peripheral regions consolidate a higher number of informal workers in isolation than the interior regions. Regarding the economic impact, regional losses range between 5,4% of the GDP (Amazonia) and 6,3% (the Coffee Area and Antioquia).

Se ha recordado en 2011 el centenario de la aviación militar española, al considerarse 1911 como el año que marca su inicio. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido presentar a los primeros profesionales de enfermería militares que desempeñaron su cometido en la atención al personal de la aviación militar española. En el desarrollo del trabajo se ha tratado de conformar un relato historiográfico básico que entrelazara la evolución de la enfermería y la aviación militar en España, documentando los primeros profesionales de enfermería militares en unidades de aviación en 1928. ; 2011 marks the first century of the Spanish military aviation, since 1911 is considered its initial year. The objective of this study is to present the first military nursing professionals that carried out their jobs in the health care of the early Spanish Air Force. The development of this study presents a basic historiographic story, linking the evolutions of health care and the Spanish military aviation, and covering the early professionals of nursing in aviation units back in 1928. ; O ano 2011marca o centenário da aviação militar espanhola, sendo considerado1911 como o ano que marcao seu início. O objetivo deste trabalho foia presentara os primeiros profissionais da enfermagem militar que fizeram da sua profissão a atenção continuada da saude do pessoal da aviação militar espanhola. O desenvolvimento do trabalho tenta fazer uma narraçao historiográfica que entrelaça a evolução da enfermageme da aviação militar em Espanha, e que documenta os primeiros profissionais da enfermagem militar nas unidades da aviação em 1928.

2011 marks the first century of the Spanish military aviation, since 1911 is considered its initial year. The objective of this study is to present the first military nursing professionals that carried out their jobs in the health care of the early Spanish Air Force. The development of this study presents a basic historiographic story, linking the evolutions of health care and the Spanish military aviation, and covering the early professionals of nursing in aviation units back in 1928. ; Se ha recordado en 2011 el centenario de la aviación militar española, al considerarse 1911 como el año que marca su inicio. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido presentar a los primeros profesionales de enfermería militares que desempeñaron su cometido en la atención al personal de la aviación militar española. En el desarrollo del trabajo se ha tratado de conformar un relato historiográfico básico que entrelazara la evolución de la enfermería y la aviación militar en España, documentando los primeros profesionales de enfermería militares en unidades de aviación en 1928. ; O ano 2011marca o centenário da aviação militar espanhola, sendo considerado1911 como o ano que marcao seu início. O objetivo deste trabalho foia presentara os primeiros profissionais da enfermagem militar que fizeram da sua profissão a atenção continuada da saude do pessoal da aviação militar espanhola. O desenvolvimento do trabalho tenta fazer uma narraçao historiográfica que entrelaça a evolução da enfermageme da aviação militar em Espanha, e que documenta os primeiros profissionais da enfermagem militar nas unidades da aviação em 1928.