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Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic insect-borne disease of livestock and human beings caused by a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae. Being first recognised in the Rift Valley of Kenya at the turn of 20th century, several epidemics have occurred in eastern, southern, and northern Africa becoming a continental problem. The epidemics that occurred in Egypt in 1977-78 and current human and animal cases in Yemen and Saudi Arabia (first case out of Africa) indicated the potential for spread to other inter-tropical regions of the world outside the African continent. An embargo on livestock export by Gulf countries has brought in food insecurity in the East African countries due to indirect socio-economic mechanisms and impact of ban on pastoralists household economy. Food insecurity in the Horn of Africa is a longstanding problem while the recent ban was imposed on eight countries before recovering from the recent drought of 2000. Between September and December 2000, a drop of livestock export by 92% was observed in Somalia. According to FSAU/FEWS (2001) excluding reduced governments revenue from livestock taxes, the estimated global loss of income at the Somali owner/producer level (including livestock originated from Region V of Ethiopia), lost producer income has reached 20-30 millions of USD, from October to December 2000. In Somalia, about 80% of foreign exchange earned from livestock exports are used to import basic food items and other commodities. The decrease in imported commodities and falling of local currency against the US dollar and an increase in the prices of imported commodities were the first symptoms observed in Somalia. This review emphasises on epidemiology, the risk of RVF on the future livestock economy and consequent food security in the Horn of Africa, and analyses the current situation in severely suffering regions and suggests and analyses international experience and short- and long-term solutions for the problem.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF), an insect-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae, was first recognised in the Rift Valley of Kenya in the early 1930s. Since then, several epidemics of RVF have occurred in northern, southern and eastern Africa becoming a continental problem. The epidemics that occurred in Egypt in 1977-78 and recent human and livestock cases in Yemen and Saudi Arabia (in September 1000) indicated the potential for the disease to spread to other inter-tropical regions of the world outside African continent. An embargo on livestock export by Gulf countries has brought in food insecurity in the East African countries due to indirect socio-economic mechanisms and impact of the ban on pastoralists household economy. Though food insecurity in the Horn of Africa is a longstanding problem, the recent ban imposed on eight countries, which are not yet recovered from the effects of recent droughts has further exacerbated the situation. Bertveen September and December 2000, livestock export dropped by 92% in Somalia. According to FSAUIFEWS (2001), the estimated total loss of income at the Somali owner/producer level (including livestock originated from eastern Ethiopia), reached 20-30 millions of USD. This figure does not include the reduced government revenue from livestock trade taxes. In Somalia, about 80% of foreign exchange earned from livestock exports are used to import basic food items and other commodities. The effect of livestock export ban was further compounded due to the decrease in imported commodities. This review emphasises on epidemiology and risk of RVF, and its impact on the future of the livestock sector and pastoralists household economy in the Horn of Africa; underscores the consequences on food security; analyses the current situation in a region already with multifaceted crises viewed against international experience.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonotic insect-borne disease of livestock and human beings caused by a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae. Being first recognised in the Rift Valley of Kenya at the turn of 20th century, several epidemics have occurred in eastern, southern, and northern Africa becoming a continental problem. The epidemics that occurred in Egypt in 1993 and current human and animal cases in Yemen and Saudi Arabia indicate that the potential exists for spread to other regions of the world outside the African continent. In recent years, livestock ban by Gulf countries for fear of the introduction of the disease has become a great problem of food security for livestock exporting countries in the Horn of Africa. Food insecurity in the Horn of Africa is a longstanding problem while the recent ban was imposed on eight countries before recovering from the recent drought. Between September and December 2000 a drop of livestock export by 92% was observed in Somalia. According to FSAU/FEWS (2001) excluding reduced governments revenue from livestock taxes, the estimated global loss of income at the Somali owner/producer (including livestock originated from Zone V of Ethiopia), lost producer income has reached 20-30 millions of USD, from October to December 2000. In Somalia, about 80% of foreign exchange earned from livestock exports are used to import basic food items. The decrease in imported commodities and falling of local currency against the US dollar and an increase in the prices of imported commodities were the first symptoms observed in Somalia and >Zone V of Ethiopia. This review emphasises on the risk of RVF on the future livestock economy and consequent food security in the Horn of Africa and analyses the current situation in severely suffering regions and suggests short- and long-term solutions for the problem.

Phase I of the OC6 project is focused on examining why offshore wind design tools underpredict the response (loads/motion) of the OC5-DeepCwind semisubmersible at its surge and pitch natural frequencies. Previous investigations showed that the underprediction was primarily related to nonlinear hydrodynamic loading, so two new validation campaigns were performed to separately examine the different hydrodynamic load components. In this paper, we validate a variety of tools against this new test data, focusing on the ability to accurately model the low-frequency loads on a semisubmersible floater when held fixed under wave excitation and when forced to oscillate in the surge direction. However, it is observed that models providing better load predictions in these two scenarios do not necessarily produce a more accurate motion response in a moored configuration. ; The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the MARINET2 project (European Union's Horizon 2020 grant agreement 731084), which supplied the tank test time and travel support to accomplish the testing campaign. The support of MARIN in the preparation, execution of the modeltests, and the evaluation of the uncertainties was essential for this study. MARIN's contribution was partly funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs through TKI-ARD funding programs. This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.