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In a comparative way, this article analyses the dimensions of cultural diversity in the military context of Belgium and the Netherlands, and describes how these organizations may be comparable or differ in their acceptance towards cultural diversity. To do this, we start by stressing the importance of dealing with cultural diversity in both the Belgian and Dutch military, and by depicting the main cultural traits of the two countries regarding major cultural groups. Multicultural attitudes, Muslim attitudes and Acculturation orientations are the main theoretical concepts we used in this research to elaborate 'the perspectives on cultural diversity' in the Belgian and Dutch military. We compared the results of a similar quantitative survey conducted in the Belgian and Dutch military. We discuss how cultural diversity is perceived among both organizations and the dimensions on which the subgroups tend to differentiate themselves.

This paper analyzes the preferences of European defense actors vis-a-vis the European security and defense policy (ESDP) with a view to identifying the main ideational points of convergence and fault lines that structure this policy domain. In an exploratory analysis that relies on an original data-set compiled from systematic interviews conducted with 73 ESDP actors in France, the UK, Germany, and Brussels, we address two research questions. First, what do ESDP actors think about ESDP? Second, can we classify their preferences according to sociological factors that underpin the ESDP domain? To conceptualize the belief system of ESDP actors, we propose a typology that distinguishes (1) the social context in which ESDP actors are embedded and (2) the specific ESDP aspects about which preferences are shaped. Our results suggest that both national and occupational variables play an important role in explaining the preferences of ESDP actors. Adapted from the source document.