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N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Ecological intensification of agriculture: pathways and challenges. The objective of this paper is to contribute to analyzing the possible pathways to and challenges facing ecologically intensive agriculture (EIA), founded upon the sustainable use of natural processes. Firstly, the notion of ecological intensification by comparison/opposition with conventional forms of agricultural intensification is presented. The positions of the various actors, in relationship to the concept of EIA, are then examined. If this movement towards ecological intensification is apparently garnering a wide consensus, there are in fact different or even divergent points of view. Finally, we analyze the opportunities, barriers and challenges to the development of EIA. Indeed, difficulties may slow down this move towards farming more in harmony with nature and the environment. ; L'objectif de ce texte est de contribuer à analyser les voies, possibilités et défis d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive, utilisant de façon durable des processus naturels. En premier lieu on présente la notion d'intensification écologique par comparaison/opposition aux autres formes d'intensification conventionnelles en agriculture. Puis on examine le positionnement de divers acteurs par rapport à la notion d'agriculture écologiquement intensive. Si en apparence cette orientation recueille un large consensus, il existe en fait des points de vue différents, voire divergents. En dernier lieu on analyse les possibilités, obstacles et défis au développement d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive. En effet des difficultés sont susceptibles de freiner cette voie vers une agriculture plus en harmonie avec la nature et le milieu.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Ecological intensification of agriculture: pathways and challenges. The objective of this paper is to contribute to analyzing the possible pathways to and challenges facing ecologically intensive agriculture (EIA), founded upon the sustainable use of natural processes. Firstly, the notion of ecological intensification by comparison/opposition with conventional forms of agricultural intensification is presented. The positions of the various actors, in relationship to the concept of EIA, are then examined. If this movement towards ecological intensification is apparently garnering a wide consensus, there are in fact different or even divergent points of view. Finally, we analyze the opportunities, barriers and challenges to the development of EIA. Indeed, difficulties may slow down this move towards farming more in harmony with nature and the environment. ; L'objectif de ce texte est de contribuer à analyser les voies, possibilités et défis d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive, utilisant de façon durable des processus naturels. En premier lieu on présente la notion d'intensification écologique par comparaison/opposition aux autres formes d'intensification conventionnelles en agriculture. Puis on examine le positionnement de divers acteurs par rapport à la notion d'agriculture écologiquement intensive. Si en apparence cette orientation recueille un large consensus, il existe en fait des points de vue différents, voire divergents. En dernier lieu on analyse les possibilités, obstacles et défis au développement d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive. En effet des difficultés sont susceptibles de freiner cette voie vers une agriculture plus en harmonie avec la nature et le milieu.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Ecological intensification of agriculture: pathways and challenges. The objective of this paper is to contribute to analyzing the possible pathways to and challenges facing ecologically intensive agriculture (EIA), founded upon the sustainable use of natural processes. Firstly, the notion of ecological intensification by comparison/opposition with conventional forms of agricultural intensification is presented. The positions of the various actors, in relationship to the concept of EIA, are then examined. If this movement towards ecological intensification is apparently garnering a wide consensus, there are in fact different or even divergent points of view. Finally, we analyze the opportunities, barriers and challenges to the development of EIA. Indeed, difficulties may slow down this move towards farming more in harmony with nature and the environment. ; L'objectif de ce texte est de contribuer à analyser les voies, possibilités et défis d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive, utilisant de façon durable des processus naturels. En premier lieu on présente la notion d'intensification écologique par comparaison/opposition aux autres formes d'intensification conventionnelles en agriculture. Puis on examine le positionnement de divers acteurs par rapport à la notion d'agriculture écologiquement intensive. Si en apparence cette orientation recueille un large consensus, il existe en fait des points de vue différents, voire divergents. En dernier lieu on analyse les possibilités, obstacles et défis au développement d'une agriculture écologiquement intensive. En effet des difficultés sont susceptibles de freiner cette voie vers une agriculture plus en harmonie avec la nature et le milieu.

International audience ; In tackling the problem of pollution due to agriculture, it is interesting to investigate whether more environmentally-friendly farming methods can be devised. The present paper analyses such possibilities, with special emphasis on the use of pesticides and fertilisers in French farming. How such farming methods can be generated by the actors involved is discussed. The factors which have gradually increased the awareness of scientists, public opinion and governments to the existence of agricultural pollution are analysed. These have resulted in governments introducing various measures and regulations such as pesticide certification. The paper then examines the shift in the objectives and trends of government-funded research and reports on the recent concern to reduce agricultural pollution (in fact, research has long been trying to find a better match between input applications and the requirements of crops or livestock). The agricultural supplies industry has also changed (table 1), promoting « rational agriculture », developing new products and seeking new markets - the interest in biotechnologies is a case in point. To try and cut their production costs, farmers have been buying less and less fertiliser (figure 1) and pesticides over the past few years. The paper concludes by emphasising that the process under way is both conflicting and contradictory (although a trend towards a more environmentally-friendly type of farming does exist, other trends run counter) and raises the problem of how the "productivist" production model of recent decades will actually develop. ; Pour faire face aux pollutions d'origine agricole, il paraît souhaitable de mettre au point des techniques agricoles plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Ce texte en analyse les possibilités, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'emploi des intrants, dans le cas de l'agriculture française. La dynamique de la production de techniques agricoles plus respectueuses de l'environnement est étudiée en fonction des acteurs en jeu. En premier lieu, l'élaboration de la prise de conscience de l'existence de pollutions d'origine agricole et la nécessité d'y remédier sont évoquées. Puis les mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics, l'évolution et l'orientation des recherches publiques, les stratégies des firmes de l'agrofourniture sont tour à tour examinées. En conclusion, le caractère conflictuel et contradictoire de cette dynamique est souligné.

International audience ; In tackling the problem of pollution due to agriculture, it is interesting to investigate whether more environmentally-friendly farming methods can be devised. The present paper analyses such possibilities, with special emphasis on the use of pesticides and fertilisers in French farming. How such farming methods can be generated by the actors involved is discussed. The factors which have gradually increased the awareness of scientists, public opinion and governments to the existence of agricultural pollution are analysed. These have resulted in governments introducing various measures and regulations such as pesticide certification. The paper then examines the shift in the objectives and trends of government-funded research and reports on the recent concern to reduce agricultural pollution (in fact, research has long been trying to find a better match between input applications and the requirements of crops or livestock). The agricultural supplies industry has also changed (table 1), promoting « rational agriculture », developing new products and seeking new markets - the interest in biotechnologies is a case in point. To try and cut their production costs, farmers have been buying less and less fertiliser (figure 1) and pesticides over the past few years. The paper concludes by emphasising that the process under way is both conflicting and contradictory (although a trend towards a more environmentally-friendly type of farming does exist, other trends run counter) and raises the problem of how the "productivist" production model of recent decades will actually develop. ; Pour faire face aux pollutions d'origine agricole, il paraît souhaitable de mettre au point des techniques agricoles plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Ce texte en analyse les possibilités, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'emploi des intrants, dans le cas de l'agriculture française. La dynamique de la production de techniques agricoles plus respectueuses de l'environnement est étudiée en fonction des acteurs ...

International audience ; Prospects for the trends in the use of fertilizers and pesticides in French agriculture.The authors analyze the trends of fertilizers and pesticides used in French agriculture after World War II and the outlook for the next few years, taking into account technical, economic and agricultural policy changes. One of the aims of this paper is to study the possibility of reducing pollution resulting from agriculture. Three points are studied. The first is how farmers' purchases of fertilizers and pesticides evolved during the decades after World War II and what their crop practices were in the early 1990s. Following the first oil shock the rapid increase in the use of fertilizers in the fifties and the sixties has given way (i) to a slower increase for nitrogen fertilizer, (ii) to a stagnation for potash fertilizer, and (iii) to a fall for phosphate fertilizer. On the other hand pesticide use has greatly increased over the past three decades, but decreased since 1990. The evolution of the economic importance of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is also studied. Finally the practices and reasoning of farmers as regards fertilization and crop protection are analyzed on the basis of a Spring 1991 survey of 867 French farmers.Secondly the authors analyze possibilities of reducing fertilizer and pesticide use by technical and economic means and try to assess their practicability. A relatively wide range of technical means is available: for fertilization, there are the options of low input crops, use of green manure, better adjustment of dosage, etc.; and for crop protection, biological and integrated pest control, better risk assessment and risk forecasting, resistant crop varieties, etc. It is noteworthy that agricultural technology is evolving towards increasingly accurate matching of input application to crop needs, which could reduce waste and leaching into ground water. The range of economic solutions is also relatively wide: subsidies for extensification, taxes on fertilizers, ...

International audience ; New technologies in agriculture. A technical and economic approach.After recalling the main characteristics of the process of innovation in agriculture and what has been up to now its economic logic, the authors try to determine the potentials of major technical innovations, particularly biotechnology and new information technologies, which are spreading in the late 1980s. Assuming a change in the technological paradigm, the authors conduct a first analysis of its impact on the agricultural sector: a new technical model seems likely to be set up, based on a better mastery of the life processes and on information; it corresponds to a certain inflexion in the productionist logic of the previous decades. ; Les nouvelles technologies en agriculture. Une approche technique et économique.Après avoir rappelé les principales caractéristiques du processus d'innovation en agriculture et quelle en était jusqu'à présent la logique économique, on a cherché à déterminer les potentialités des innovations techniques majeures qui tendaient à se diffuser à la fin des années 1980, biotechnologies et nouvelles technologies de l'information notamment. Faisant l'hypothèse d'un changement de paradigme technologique, on a conduit une première analyse de son impact sur le secteur agricole : un nouveau modèle technique, basé sur une meilleure maitrise des processus du vivant et sur l'information et correspondant à une certaine inflexion de la logique "productiviste" des décennies précédences, paraissait susceptible de se mettre en place.